940 research outputs found
Universality of transition temperatures in families of copper-oxide superconductors: interlayer tunneling redux
We revisit the interlayer tunneling theory of high temperature
superconductors and formulate it as a mechanism by which the striking
systematics of the transition temperature within a given homologous series can
be understood. We pay attention not only to the enhancement of pairing, as was
originally suggested, but also to the role of competing order parameters that
tend to suppress superconductivity, and to the charge imbalance between
inequivalent outer and inner CuO2 planes in a unit cell. Calculations based on
a generalized Ginzburg-Landau theory yield results that bear robust and
remarkable resemblance to experimental observations.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures. Missing axes labels correcte
Universal and measurable entanglement entropy in the spin-boson model
We study the entanglement between a qubit and its environment from the
spin-boson model with Ohmic dissipation. Through a mapping to the anisotropic
Kondo model, we derive the entropy of entanglement of the spin
, where is the dissipation strength, is
the tunneling amplitude between qubit states, and is the level asymmetry.
For and , we show that
the Kondo energy scale controls the entanglement between the qubit and
the bosonic environment ( is a high-energy cutoff). For ,
the disentanglement proceeds as ; for , vanishes as
, up to a logarithmic correction. For a given , the
maximum entanglement occurs at a value of which lies in the crossover
regime . We emphasize the possibility of measuring this entanglement
using charge qubits subject to electromagnetic noise.Comment: 4 pages and 4 figures; updated version to appear in Physical Review
Letter
Modulation of the local density of states within the -density wave theory in the underdoped cuprates
The low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy spectra in the underdoped
regime is analyzed from the perspective of coexisting -density wave and
d-wave superconducting states. The calculations are carried out in the presence
of a low concentration of unitary impurities and within the framework of the
fully self-consistent Bogoliubov-de Gennes theory, which allows local
modulations of the magnitude of the order parameters in response to the
impurities. Our theory captures the essential aspects of the experiments in the
underdoped BSCCO at very low temperatures.Comment: 4 pages, 4 eps figures, RevTex4. New added material as well as
reference
Young people's trauma-related cognitions before and after cognitive processing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder
Objectives:
Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) is a psychotherapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with a broad evidence base. Change in trauma‐related cognitions is considered its primary working mechanism. When trying to integrate a traumatic event into existing cognitive schemas, the adaptive mechanism is changing the schema (accommodation). However, PTSD patients frequently either change their schemas too much (over‐accommodation), or cognitively distort the event (assimilation). We aimed to test the hypothesized connections between the three types of cognition and symptom load.
Design:
This study adds to the literature using ‘impact statements’, essays on their trauma‐related thoughts written by patients at the beginning and end of CPT, to investigate cognitive change and its relationship to symptomatic outcome.
Methods:
We analysed statements written by 31 adolescents and young adults who received developmentally adapted CPT (a longer treatment where CPT is the core component) in a randomized controlled trial.
Results:
As expected, post‐CPT statements contained more accommodated and fewer over‐accommodated and assimilated clauses than pre‐CPT statements. Correlations between cognition frequencies and concurrent symptom load were as expected for assimilation, and, in part, over‐accommodation and accommodation. Decreased PTSD and depressive symptoms were correlated with increased accommodated thoughts. For over‐accommodation and assimilation, however, expected correlations could not be shown.
Conclusions:
Our results support the notion that cognitive change is an important mechanism of change in CPT in a sample of younger, non‐English‐speaking clients
Identifying Patients With Vesicovaginal Fistula at High Risk of Urinary Incontinence After Surgery:
To develop a risk score to identify women with vesicovaginal fistula at high risk of residual urinary incontinence after surgical repair
Replacing energy by von Neumann entropy in quantum phase transitions
In the thermodynamic limit two distinct states of matter cannot be analytic
continuations of each other. Classical phase transitions are characterized by
non-analyticities of the free energy. For quantum phase transitions (QPTs) the
ground state energy often assumes the role of the free energy. But in a number
of important cases this criterion fails to predict a QPT, such as the
three-dimensional metal-insulator transition of non-interacting electrons in a
random potential (Anderson localization). It is therefore essential that we
find alternative criteria that can track fundamental changes in the internal
correlations of the ground state wavefunction. Here we propose that QPTs are
generally accompanied by non-analyticities of the von Neumann (entanglement)
entropy. In particular, the entropy is non-analytic at the Anderson transition,
where it exhibits unusual fractal scaling. We also examine two dissipative
quantum systems of considerable interest to the study of decoherence and find
that non-analyticities occur if and only if the system undergoes a QPT.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures; Annals of Physics, in press (2006
Criticality in correlated quantum matter
At quantum critical points (QCP)
\cite{Pfeuty:1971,Young:1975,Hertz:1976,Chakravarty:1989,Millis:1993,Chubukov:1
994,Coleman:2005} there are quantum fluctuations on all length scales, from
microscopic to macroscopic lengths, which, remarkably, can be observed at
finite temperatures, the regime to which all experiments are necessarily
confined. A fundamental question is how high in temperature can the effects of
quantum criticality persist? That is, can physical observables be described in
terms of universal scaling functions originating from the QCPs? Here we answer
these questions by examining exact solutions of models of correlated systems
and find that the temperature can be surprisingly high. As a powerful
illustration of quantum criticality, we predict that the zero temperature
superfluid density, , and the transition temperature, , of
the cuprates are related by , where the exponent
is different at the two edges of the superconducting dome, signifying the
respective QCPs. This relationship can be tested in high quality crystals.Comment: Final accepted version not including minor stylistic correction
Fertility outcomes following obstetric fistula repair: a prospective cohort study
Abstract Background Obstetric fistula (OF) is a maternal morbidity associated with high rates of stillbirth, amenorrhea, and sexual dysfunction. Limited data exists on the reproductive outcomes of women in the years following a fistula repair. The objective of this study is to describe the fertility outcomes and family planning practices in a population of Malawian women 1–4 years after fistula repair. Methods Women who had enrolled into a clinical database of OF patients and undergone OF repair between January 1, 2012 and July 31, 2014 were recruited and enrolled to complete a home-based survey of their demographic and reproductive health data 1–4 years after their repair. Pregnancy, amenorrhea, and sexual function were described using frequency analysis, and we compared antimüllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations between women with menses or pregnancy with women with amenorrhea or no pregnancy using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Results Of 297 women with a prior OF repair, 148 had reproductive potential and were included in this analysis. Overall 30 women of these women (21%) became pregnant since their fistula repair, with most pregnancies ending with cesarean delivery. Of the 32 women who were amenorrheic at the time of repair, 25 (78.1%) had resumption of menses. Only 11 (8.6%) of sexually active women reported dyspareunia, and among women who were not trying to conceive, 53.1% were currently using a method of family planning. No significant differences were found in AMH concentrations between those who were pregnant or had menses versus those without pregnancy or menses, respectively. Conclusions In this long-term follow-up study of women after OF repair, many women were able to achieve a pregnancy with a live birth, have normal menses, be sexually active, and access contraception. These achievements will further assist a population of women whose reintegration and restoration of dignity is closely tied to their ability to achieve their reproductive goals. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02685878
Explanation as a Social Practice: Toward a Conceptual Framework for the Social Design of AI Systems
none20siThe recent surge of interest in explainability in artificial intelligence (XAI) is propelled by not only technological advancements in machine learning, but also by regulatory initiatives to foster transparency in algorithmic decision making. In this article, we revise the current concept of explainability and identify three limitations: passive explainee, narrow view on the social process, and undifferentiated assessment of understanding. In order to overcome these limitations, we present explanation as a social practice in which explainer and explainee co-construct understanding on the microlevel. We view the co-construction on a microlevel as embedded into a macrolevel, yielding expectations concerning, e.g., social roles or partner models: Typically, the role of the explainer is to provide an explanation and to adapt it to the current level of understanding of the explainee; the explainee, in turn, is expected to provide cues that guide the explainer. Building on explanations being a social practice, we present a conceptual framework that aims to guide future research in XAI. The framework relies on the key concepts of monitoring and scaffolding to capture the development of interaction. We relate our conceptual framework and our new perspective on explaining to transparency and autonomy as objectives considered for XAInoneKatharina J. Rohlfing; Philipp Cimiano; Ingrid Scharlau; Tobias Matzner; Heike M. Buhl;
Hendrik Buschmeier; Elena Esposito; Angela Grimminger; Barbara Hammer; Reinhold Häb-Umbach; Ilona Horwath; Eyke Hüllermeier; Friederike Kern; Stefan Kopp; Kirsten Thommes; Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo; Carsten Schulte; Henning Wachsmuth; Petra Wagner; Britta WredeKatharina J. Rohlfing; Philipp Cimiano; Ingrid Scharlau; Tobias Matzner; Heike M. Buhl;
Hendrik Buschmeier; Elena Esposito; Angela Grimminger; Barbara Hammer; Reinhold Häb-Umbach; Ilona Horwath; Eyke Hüllermeier; Friederike Kern; Stefan Kopp; Kirsten Thommes; Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo; Carsten Schulte; Henning Wachsmuth; Petra Wagner; Britta Wred
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