Clinical characteristics and molecular detection of bordetella pertussis in hospitalized children with a clinical diagnosis of whooping cough in Peru

Background and Objectives: Pertussis is an infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. In Peru, actual public health programs indicate that vaccination against B. pertussis must be mandatory and generalized, be-sides all detected cases must be reported. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of B. pertussis among children under five years of age with a presumptive diagnosis of whopping cough in Cajamarca, a region located in northern Peru. Materials and Methods: The population of this cross-sectional study were children under 5 years old hospitalized as presumptive cases of pertussis during December 2017 to December 2018. The nasopharyngeal samples were analyzed by real-time PCR for the detection of B. pertussis. Results: B. pertussis was identified as PCR + in 42.3% of our sample (33/78). The clinical presentation that was observed most frequently includes paroxysmal coughing (97%), difficulty breathing (69.7%), cyanosis (72.7%) and post-tussive em-esis (60.6%). Additionally, pneumonia was the most observed complication (33.3%). Four of the patients with PCR+ for B. pertussis presented only lymphocytosis, five only leukocytosis, two patients with decreased leukocytosis and lymphocytes and only one patient with leukopenia and relative lymphocytosis. There was a percentage of 84.8% of unvaccinated children in the PCR+ group. Finally, the mother was the most frequent symptom carrier (18.2%). Conclusion: In conclusion, in the studied population there is a high rate of PCR+ cases for B. pertussis. Laboratory values may show leukopenia or lymphopenia in patients with pertussis. It is necessary to use appropriate laboratory diagnostic tests in all infants with respiratory symptoms for B. pertussis. Since, the clinical diagnosis overestimates the diagnosis of pertussis.Revisión por pare

High prevalence and clinical characteristics of respiratory infection by human rhinovirus in children from Lima-Peru during years 2009- 2010

Introduction Human rhinovirus is a major cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) worldwide. Epidemiological data on human rhinovirus (RV) in Peru is still scarce, as well as its role in respiratory infections in children. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of rhinovirus and to identify the circulating species in nasopharyngeal swabs from children with acute respiratory infections. Materials and methods We analyzed nasopharyngeal swab samples that were collected from children younger than 17 years old, who had a clinical diagnosis of ARI from the "Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia"between May 2009 and December 2010. The original study recruited 767 inpatients with ARI, 559 samples of which were included and analyzed in the current study. Detection of rhinovirus and determination of rhinovirus species were characterized by PCR. Results Rhinovirus was detected in 42.22% samples (236/559), RV-A was detected in 10.17% (24/ 236) of the cases, RV-B in 16.53% (39/236), and RV-C in 73.31% (173/236). The age group with the highest number of cases was the 0-5 months group with 45.97%, followed by the 1-5 years group with 25.22%. Most of the positive RV cases, i.e., 86.44% (204/236), were hospitalized. The most common signs and symptoms found in patients who tested positive for RV were cough (72.88%), fever (68.64%), rhinorrhea (68.22%), and respiratory distress (61.44%). Infection with RV-A was associated with wheezing (p = 0.02). Furthermore, RV-C was related to cough (p = 0.01), wheezing (p = 0.002), and conjunctival injection (p = 0.03). A peak in RV-C cases was found in March (32 cases in 2010); June (18 cases in 2009 and 12 cases in 2010), which corresponds to the fall season in Peru; and also November (17 cases in 2009 and 4 cases in 2010), which corresponds to spring. RV-A and RV-B cases were constant throughout the year. Conclusion In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of rhinovirus C infection among pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections in Lima, Peru. This viral infection was more common in children between 0 to 5 months old, and was associated with cough, wheezing, and conjunctival injection. Epidemiological surveillance of this virus should be strengthened/encouraged in Peru to determine its real impact on respiratory infections.Revisión por pare

Etiology, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhea in hospitalized children in rural Peru

Introduction: Diarrhea remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age especially in low-income countries. In Peru, epidemiological reports about enteropathogens related to acute diarrhea are scarce in rural areas. The aim of this study was to describe the etiology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics of the principal causes of acute infectious diarrhea in in a northern rural region of Peru. Methodology: A prospective study was conducted from January 2011 to December 2012 to describe the main pathogens causing acute diarrhea using PCR assay. Results: A total of 117 children diagnosed with acute diarrhea were included in the study. A single etiological agent was identified in 41.03% of samples, being rotavirus followed by norovirus and Shigella. Co-infections containing virus and bacteria were found in 22.22% of samples. Vomiting was most commonly found symptoms in 58.97% cases followed by fever (54.70%). Malnutrition was detected in 14.53% of the children. Conclusions: High prevalence of rotavirus, as well as adenovirus and norovirus, was observed in the present study. Shigella was the most common bacteria found in acute diarrhea in the area. The implementation of a better surveillance system is mandatory in order to identify the principal etiologies of gastroenteritis in the rural areas of Peru and to develop of better prevention strategies and reduce diarrhea-associated mortalities.Revisión por pare

Bordetella pertussis diagnosis in children under five years of age in the Regional Hospital of Cajamarca, Northern Peru

Introduction: Bordetella pertussis is an important human pathogen that causes whooping cough (pertussis), an endemic illness responsible of significant morbidity and mortality, especially in infants and children. Worldwide, there are an estimated of 16 million cases of pertussis, resulting in about 195,000 child deaths per year. In Peru, pertussis is a major health problem that has been on the increase despite immunization efforts. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of B. pertussis among children under five years of age suspected to have whopping cough in Cajamarca, Peru. Methodology: Children diagnosed with whooping cough admitted to the Hospital Regional de Cajamarca from August 2010 to July 2013 were included. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained for B. pertussis culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection. Results: In 133 children, the pertussis toxin and IS481 gene were detected in 38.35% (51/133) of the cases by PCR, while only 9.02% (12/133) of the Bordetella cultures were positive. The most frequent symptoms in patients with positive B. pertussis were paroxysm of coughing 68.63% (35/51), cyanosis 56.86% (29/51), respiratory distress 43.14% (22/51), and fever 39.22% (20/51). Pneumonia and acute bronchial obstructive syndrome were present in 17.65% (9/51) and 13.72% (7/51) of the cases, respectively. Conclusions: B. pertussis is responsible for an important proportion of whooping cough in hospitalized children in Cajamarca. Epidemiologic surveillance programs for B. pertussis are essential in Peru, especially in children who could most benefit from the vaccine.This work was partially supported by Sanofi Aventis del Peru. The authors thank Javier Vega for the language editin

A silent public health threat: emergence of Mayaro virus and co-infection with Dengue in Peru

Objective: To describe frequency and clinical characteristics of MAYV infection in Piura, as well as the association of this pathogen with DENV. Results: A total of 86/496 (17.3%) cases of MAYV were detected, of which 54 were MAYV mono-infection and 32 were co-infection with DENV, accounting for 10.9% and 6.4%, respectively. When evaluating monoinfection by MAYV the main groups were 18–39 and 40–59 years old, with 25.9% and 20.4% respectively. Co-infections were more common in the age group 18–39 and those > 60 years old, with 34.4% and 21.9%, respectively. The most frequent clinical presentation were headaches (94.4%, 51/54) followed by arthralgias (77.8%, 42/54). During the 8-month study period the most cases were identified in the months of May (29.1%) and June (50.0%).National Research Foundation of KoreaRevisión por pare

Identfication of viral and bacterial etiologic agents of the pertussis-like syndrome in children under 5 years old hospitalized

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children, remaining a major public health concern, especially affecting children under 5 years old from low-income countries. Unfortunately, information regarding their epidemiology is still limited in Peru. Methods: A secondary data analysis was performed from a previous cross-sectional study conducted in children with a probable diagnosis of Pertussis from January 2010 to July 2012. All samples were analyzed via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the following etiologies: Influenza-A, Influenza-B, RSV-A, RSV-B, Adenovirus, Parainfluenza 1 virus, Parainfluenza 2 virus, Parainfluenza 3 virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Results: A total of 288 patients were included. The most common pathogen isolated was Adenovirus (49%), followed by Bordetella pertussis (41%) from our previous investigation, the most prevelant microorganisms were Mycoplasma pneumonia (26%) and Influenza-B (19.8%). Coinfections were reported in 58% of samples and the most common association was found between B. pertussis and Adenovirus (12.2%). Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of Adenovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and other etiologies in patients with a probable diagnosis of pertussis. Despite the presence of persistent cough lasting at least two weeks and other clinical characteristics highly suspicious of pertussis, secondary etiologies should be considered in children under 5 years-old in order to give a proper treatment.Revisión por pare

The impact of the use of electronic learning content on the academic performance of undergraduate students in the teaching of Physics at a private university in the year 2021

En la educación superior, es esencial el uso de tecnologías integradas a metodologías y herramientas en la enseñanza de ciencias básicas, pues muchos de ​​los contenidos impartidos son nuevos y complejos, pero necesarios para la formación integral de los estudiantes. El objetivo de esta investigación es establecer el impacto del uso de contenidos de aprendizaje electrónico y el rendimiento académico de estudiantes de Física, de los primeros años, del Departamento de Ciencias de una universidad privada. En nuestro estudio participaron 80 estudiantes, matriculados en el curso de Física II en el semestre 2021-2, a los cuales se les adicionó contenidos de aprendizaje electrónicos en la plataforma Blackboard. Del total inicial se retiraron formalmente cuatro y dos de ellos abandonaron el curso, quedando 74 estudiantes. Se realizó la prueba T para muestras pareadas o relacionadas, la cual determinó que los contenidos de aprendizaje electrónico complementarios tienen un efecto sobre el rendimiento de los estudiantes. Por último, se hizo un análisis de correlación entre las variables, el cual determinó que no existe una relación significativa entre ellas.In higher education it is essential to use integrated technologies in methodologies and tools in the teaching of basic sciences. Therefore, much of the knowledge imparted is new and complex, but necessary for the students’ integral formation. The purpose of this research is to establish the impact of the use of electronic learning contents and academic performance in the first years of physics students, from the science department of a private university. In our study, 80 students participated and enrolled in the Physics II course, semester 2021-2, to which electronic learning contents were added in the blackboard platform. Of the initial, four left, two abandoned the course and 74 remained. The paired sample test T was performed and concluded that the additional electronic learning contents have an impact on students’ performance. Finally, a correlation analysis was done between variables which concluded that there is not association between them.Trabajo de investigació

Biología General-MA155-201202

Biología General es un curso teórico-práctico dirigido a los alumnos del primer año de la carrera de Odontología cuyos objetivos son que el alumno conozca la naturaleza racionalidad y ordenamiento lógico de la Biología como ciencia que conozca y relacione conceptos unificadores de la biología y su importancia para una concepción integral del hombre que conozca valore y respete la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente.Contribuye con el perfil del estudiante de la Escuela de Odontología al dar las herramientas necesarias para utilizar los conocimientos científicos pertinentes al campo de la Biología para resolver los problemas odontológicos así como el desarrollo de habilidades de investigación expresión de ideas fundamentadas aprendizaje autónomo y trabajo en equipo que le permitirán desarrollarse y desenvolverse en la práctica clínica y la investigación científica

Biología General-MA155-201302

Biología General es un curso teórico-práctico dirigido a los alumnos del primer año de la carrera de Odontología cuyos objetivos son que el alumno conozca la naturaleza racionalidad y ordenamiento lógico de la Biología como ciencia que relacione los conceptos unificadores de la biología para tener una concepción integral del hombre y que conozca valore y respete la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente.Contribuye con el perfil del estudiante de la Escuela de Odontología al dar las herramientas necesarias para utilizar los conocimientos científicos pertinentes al campo de la Biología para resolver los problemas odontológicos así como el desarrollo de habilidades de investigación expresión de ideas fundamentadas aprendizaje autónomo y trabajo en equipo que le permitirán desarrollarse y desenvolverse en la práctica clínica y la investigación científica

Biología General-MA155-201301

Biología General es un curso teórico-práctico dirigido a los alumnos del primer año de la carrera de Odontología cuyos objetivos son que el alumno conozca la naturaleza racionalidad y ordenamiento lógico de la Biología como ciencia que relacione los conceptos unificadores de la biología para tener una concepción integral del hombre y que conozca valore y respete la biodiversidad y el medio ambiente.Contribuye con el perfil del estudiante de la Escuela de Odontología al dar las herramientas necesarias para utilizar los conocimientos científicos pertinentes al campo de la Biología para resolver los problemas odontológicos así como el desarrollo de habilidades de investigación expresión de ideas fundamentadas aprendizaje autónomo y trabajo en equipo que le permitirán desarrollarse y desenvolverse en la práctica clínica y la investigación científica