Structural control on the Los Ratones pluton and the uranium mineralization at the Fiambalá range, Sierras Pampeanas, Catamarca

El Granito Los Ratones, de edad carbonífera, está compuesto por dos facies principales: porfírica y equigranular. La mineralización de uranio alojada en la caja metamórfica sobre el borde NO del plutón se interpreta asociada a un greisen abierto rico en flúor vinculado con las facies equigranular. La cartografía detallada de la roca de caja del plutón, de parte de los bordes del intrusivo y de las manifestaciones uraníferas muestra un marcado control estructural sobre el emplazamiento del plutón, particularmente de la facies porfírica, y sobre la circulación de los fluidos mineralizantes. Cuatro juegos de fracturas participan de este control. Los dos principales de rumbo N y NE coinciden nítidamente con los bordes oeste y noroeste de la facies porfí- rica y con las expresiones más notables de la mineralización de uranio. El tercer juego corresponde a fracturas de rumbo EO que son secundarias respecto a las anteriores considerando su frecuencia y longitud, al igual que el cuarto de rumbo NO. Los buzamientos de los juegos de fracturas N y NE son próximos a la vertical, orientación corroborada por estudios geofísicos en la zona dominada por las fracturas NE. Además de los rasgos mencionados, los diques básicos y ácidos que acompa- ñan al plutón siguen preferentemente estas orientaciones. Las estructuras que controlan el magmatismo y la mineralización estarían vinculadas con un sistema de fallas meridianas con movimiento horizontal derecho principal y normal subordinado que parcialmente reactivaron heterogeneidades del basamento metamórfico, básicamente la foliación principal. Flexiones y quiebres a lo largo de estas estructuras generaron zonas dilatantes en las que se concentraron el magmatismo y la mineralización.The Carboniferous Los Ratones pluton is composed by two main facies: equigranular and porphyric. The uranium mineralization hosted by the metamorphic rock on the NW border of the pluton is related to a fluor- rich greisen related to the equigranular facies. The detailed mapping of the pluton host rock and the uranium mineralization shows a well-defined structural control on both the granite emplacement, particularly on the porphyric facies, and on the migration of the mineralized fluids. Four sets of fractures participate on this control. The two main with N and NE trends coincide clearly with the west and northwest border of the pluton as well as with the high-grade uranium manifestations. The third and fourth ones respectively corresponds to E-W and NW striking fractures, which are less developed in relation to the main fractures considering their frequency and size. Fractures of the four sets are high dipping close to vertical, attitude corroborated by geophysical studies in the area where the NE fractures are the best developed. In addition to the mentioned features, granite-related acidic and basic dikes follow mainly these orientations. The fracture sets seem to be related to a high-east dipping meridian fault system with right horizontal main movement component and subordinate normal displacement. These faults partially reactivated heterogeneities of the metamorphic rocks, mainly the dominant foliation. Changes on the strike of these fractures formed dilatant zones where magmatism and related mineralization were concentrated.Fil: Hongn, Fernando Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del Noroeste Argentino; Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Ferreira, Luis. Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica; ArgentinaFil: Morello, Orquídea. Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica; ArgentinaFil: Rubinstein, Nora Alicia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Cs.exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Geologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Kirschbaum, Alicia Matilde. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del Noroeste Argentino; Argentina; ArgentinaFil: Guidi, Franco. Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica; ArgentinaFil: Anesa, Jorge. Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica; Argentin

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030