148 research outputs found
Central bank independence and its effect on money market stability
Since 1990s many countries have moved toward greater central bank independence (CBI) by either amending their Central Bankās laws or writing them de novo. Also countries of Western Balkans and many other transition countries have moved toward greater CBI. There are many potential benefits associated with greater CBI, and one of them is stable growth of money and liquidity. For a given level of money market development the hypothesis is that a more independent CB is likely to promote more stable growth of money supply (DželetoviÄ et al., 2008). As a result the main research task of this work is to estimate the effects of CBI on money market growth for five Western Balkans countries and five other European transition countries. Because the empirical studies were very limited for the relationship between CBI and money market growth, there were no clear conclusions. In addition, there were different measuring methodologies that attempt to quantify the extent of legal and actual CBI. Related to the main research task, this dissertation has examined the effects of CBI on money market stability (proxied by bank deposit growth) for a sample of 10 countries for a period from 1999-2009 by using fixed effect model. Through this methodology different regressions have been estimated, but the results were not robust and there are no clear finding on the relationship between CBI and money market growth
KrijumÄaranje robe
The criminal offense of smuggling of goods in the Republic of Kosovo is a subject of fundamental importance for the economic and social development of this country and as suvh will be trated in this paper from the theoretical and practical aspect. According to the data presented in this paper, although in official statistics the smuggling of goods is relatively little presented, it is a worrying phenomenon because smuggling of goods damages the budget of the state by hundreds of millions of Euros each year. This damage becomes even more worrier because of the fact that the Kosovoās revenues depand mostly from customs and taxes. Kosovo is facing many challenges and problems in the fight against criminality, especially the economic one. This paper presents a set of ideas on how the performance of criminal justice system in the fight against the phenomenon of smuggling of goods. For the preparation of this paper, legal, comparative, descriptive, survey and statistical methods were used.Kazneno djelo krijumÄarenja robe u Republici Kosovo je tema od temeljne važnosti za ekonomski i socijalni razvoj ove zemlje i kao Å”to Äe biti objaÅ”njeno u ovom radu s teorijskog i praktiÄnog aspekta. Prema podacima iznesenim u ovom radu, iako je u službenim statistikama krijumÄarenje robe relativno malo predstavljeno, to je zabrinjavajuÄa pojava jer krijumÄarenje robe Å”teti državnom proraÄunu za stotine milijuna eura svake godine. Ova Å”teta postaje joÅ” zabrinjavajuÄa zbog Äinjenice da se prihodi na Kosovu uglavnom oslanjaju na carine i poreze. Kosovo se suoÄava s mnogim izazovima i problemima u borbi protiv kriminaliteta, posebno gospodarskog. Ovaj rad predstavlja skup ideja o tome kako djeluju kaznenopravni sustavi u borbi protiv fenomena krijumÄarenja robe. Za pripremu ovog rada koriÅ”tene su pravne, usporedne, opisne, anketne i statistiÄke metode
INTERDISCURSIVE FUGUE IN DAÅ A DRNDIÄāS NOVEL LEICA FORMAT
Rad analizira roman DaÅ”e DrndiÄ Leica format (2003) iz perspektive diskurzne stilistike
i to tako Å”to motri na koji se naÄin naÄelo interdiskurzivnosti artikulira na stilskoj razini
romana pri Äemu upravo radikalno ogoljeni interdiskurzivni Å”avovi postaju polaziÅ”nom
toÄkom interpretacije. Kao temeljna interdiskurzivna figura u ovom romanu uzima se
fuga koja istovremeno konotira složenost, polifoniÄnost i interdiskurzivnu premreženost
romanesknog teksta, a na metarazini otvara pitanje pamÄenja i zaborava, oblikovanja i
prenoŔenja znanja te njegova kodiranja u jeziku i diskurzu. Analiza pokazuje kako u
navedenom romanu DaÅ”a DrndiÄ mapira osobnu i kolektivnu povijest usložnjavanjem i
kolažiranjem razliÄitih tipova tekstova, žanrova i diskurzÄ te kako se pritom stilistiÄki
zahvati na grafiÄkom planu romanesknog teksta produžuju u podruÄje njegove semantike.The paper discusses DaÅ”a DrndiÄās novel Leica format from the perspective of discourse stylistics
by analyzing the way interdiscursivity manifests itself on the stylistic level of the novel, laying
bare the interdiscursive sutures and thus making them the interpretative stronghold of the novel.
The basic interdicursive figure in the novel is fugue which implies complexity, polyphony and
interdicursive structure of the text and at the same time raises the questions of remembrance and
oblivion, formation and transfer of knowledge and its coding in language and discourse. The
analysis shows how DaÅ”a DrndiÄā novel maps individual and collective history by combining and
collaging different types of texts, genres and discourses and how the stylistics procedures on the
graphical level of the novel extend into the sphere of its semantics
Treatment of schizophrenia with long-acting antipsychotics
Shizofrenija je teÅ”ka kroniÄna psihiÄka bolest koju karakteriziraju pozitivni (halucinacije, deluzije i dr.), negativni (smanjeni užitci, osjeÄaji te poteÅ”koÄe s govornim izražavanjem i sl.) i kognitivni simptomi (poteÅ”koÄe s koncentracijom, uÄenjem i kratkotrajnim pamÄenjem). Ukoliko se ne lijeÄi, uzrokuje visok stupanj onesposobljenja jer otežava funkcioniranje bolesnika u radnom i socijalnom okruženju.
Patofiziologija shizofrenije je vrlo kompleksna, a vjerojatno je posljedica disbalansa u razliÄitim neurotransmitorskim sustavima (dopaminski, serotoninski, glutamatni i dr.) u odreÄenim regijama mozga.
Antipsihotici su lijekovi koji se koriste u lijeÄenju shizofrenije, a djeluju na naÄin da smanjuju/ublažavaju simptome bolesti. Dijele se na tipiÄne (prvu generaciju) i atipiÄne (drugu generaciju) koje se razlikuju i prema mehanizmima djelovanja i prema profilu neželjenih uÄinaka. TipiÄni antipsihotici djeluju primarno na dopaminske D2 receptore kao snažni antagonisti, dok se atipiÄni razlikuju u naÄinu djelovanja na D2 receptore te, izmeÄu ostalog, ukljuÄuju i blokadu serotoninskih 5-HT2A receptora. BuduÄi da se radi o neselektivnim lijekovima koji se vežu i za druge receptore na periferiji i u SŽS-u, to može rezultirati razliÄitim neželjenim uÄincima. Dok se uz tipiÄne antipsihotike vežu distonija i ekstrapiramidni sindrom te hiperprolaktinemija, atipiÄni mogu uzrokovati metaboliÄke poremeÄaje. Zbog same prirode bolesti, neželjenih uÄinaka lijekova i drugih Äimbenika, velik broj bolesnika je nesuradljivo te neadherentno. Kako bi se olakÅ”alo lijeÄenje i osigurala veÄa suradljivost bolesnika, na tržiÅ”tu postoje razliÄiti oblici antipsihotika, poput otopina za depo intramuskularnu primjenu koji su se nametnuli kao superiorniji naÄin lijeÄenja pred oralnom terapijom.
S obzirom da rezultati dosadaÅ”njih kliniÄkih istraživanja o uÄinkovitosti, sigurnosnom profilu i prednostima depo oblika u odnosu na oralnu terapiju nisu jednoznaÄni, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kako bismo u potpunosti mogli razumjeti sve prednosti i nedostatke ovakve terapije. U kliniÄkom kontekstu, ta bi saznanja trebali iskoristiti za unapreÄenje naÄina lijeÄenja oboljelih od ove teÅ”ke bolesti kroz osiguranje njihove bolje adherencije i veÄe suradljivosti.Schizophrenia is a severe chronic mental illness that is characterized by the positive (hallucinations, delusions, etc.), negative (reduced pleasures, feelings and difficulty with speech expression, etc.), and cognitive symptoms (difficulty with concentration, learning and short-term memory). If left untreated, schizophrenia causes a high degree of disability because it makes it more difficult for patients to function in working and social environment.
Pathophysiology of schizophrenia is very complex and it is likely a result of imbalances in different neurotransmitter systems (dopamine, serotonin, glutamatergic, etc.) in different brain regions. Antipsychotics are drugs that are used in the treatment of schizophrenia and act in a way to reduce symptoms of the disease. They are divided into typical (first generation) and atypical (second generation), based on their mechanisms of action and profiles of side effects.
Typical antipsychotics act primarily on the dopamine D2 receptors as powerful antagonists, while the atypical differ in mode of action on D2 receptors and, among other things, include blockade of 5-HT2A receptors.
Because of their nonselective binding to other receptors, they can induce a variety of unwanted side effects. While the typical antipsychotics induce dystonia, extrapyramidal syndrome and hyperprolactinemia, atypical antipsychotics can cause metabolic disorders.
Due to the nature of this disease, side effects profile of the drugs and other factors, large percentage of patients is noncompliant.
In order to facilitate the treatment and to ensure greater complience of patients, there are different formulations of antipsychotics on the market, such as solutions for intramuscular depot application which were imposed as a superior way of treatment.
Because the results of previous clinical trials about the effectiveness, safety profile and benefits of depot formulations in relation to oral therapy are not unambiguous, further clinical trials are needed in order to fully understand all the advantages and the shortcomings of this kind of therapy.
In clinical contex, this knowledge should be used to improve treatment in people suffering from this severe disease and to insure better adherence
Interdiskurzivnost: stilistiÄki prilog teoriji književnoga diskurza
PolazeÄi od teze slovenskog teoretiÄara Marka Juvana o nužnosti pre-oblikovanja književne teorije u teoriju književnoga diskurza, rad Äe taj metodoloÅ”ki obrat propitati iz perspektive stilistike, discipline koja se i sama u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeÄa zatekla u sliÄnoj krizi i koja je svoju potencijalnu buduÄnost pronaÅ”la u simbiozi s razliÄitim teorijama diskurza. Ta je suradnja posljednjih desetljeÄa bila najplodonosnija u podruÄju funkcionalne stilistike, koja se sve viÅ”e promatra kao stilistika diskurza, no doÅ”lo je vrijeme da se razmotri kako bi se uvidi dobiveni takvom interdisciplinarnom suradnjom mogli primijeniti i na stilistiÄku analizu književnih tekstova. Kao operativni pojam poslužit Äe nam ovdje koncept interdiskurzivnosti, koji je dosad pretežno bio predme-tom interesa socijalnih i lingvistiÄkih teoretiÄara diskurza, ali koji nudi i moguÄnost primjene u podruÄju literarne stilistike
Biokataliza u proizvodnji farmaceutskih intermedijara: prekursori statina
The application of enzymes in chemical synthesis, due to the recent advances, has a strong impact in multiple industries, especially the pharmaceutical industry. Namely, the use of enzymes shows remarkable advantages over classical chemical catalysis and therefore it is considered a āgreenā solution. By using novel techniques, it is possible to tailor the enzymes to adapt them for a given process. Today, several pharmaceutical companies are successfully producing valuable precursors for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients using enzymes, some of them being statin precursors. Statins are hypolipidemics, drugs used for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and lowering cholesterol concentration in blood. Due to challenges in the chemical synthesis of statin intermediates, the production of statin intermediates using enzyme-catalysed reactions shows some notable advantages. Therefore, research and development laboratories, combined with reaction engineering techniques, have shifted their focus towards applying biochemical catalysis for the production of statin intermediates.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Napredak tehnologije usko je vezan uz primjenu enzima u kemijskoj sintezi. Biokataliza ima velik utjecaj na razliÄite industrije a meÄu njima se posebno istiÄe farmaceutska industrija. Primjena enzima pokazuje znaÄajne prednosti u usporedbi s tehnikama klasiÄne kemijske sinteze te se smatra i āzelenimā rjeÅ”enjem. PrimjenjujuÄi nove dostupne tehnike i tehnologije, enzime je moguÄe u potpunosti prilagoditi zahtjevima odreÄenog procesa. Danas je poznato nekoliko farmaceutskih tvrtki koje uz pomoÄ enzima uspjeÅ”no proizvode vrijedne intermedijare za proizvodnju aktivnih farmaceutskih spojeva, a u njih se ubrajaju i prekursori statina. Statini su hipolipidemici, lijekovi koji se upotrebljavaju za prevenciju kardiovaskularnih bolesti te za snižavanje koncentracije kolesterola u krvi. Metoda klasiÄne kemijske sinteze intermedijara statina vrlo je zahtjevna te stoga njihova proizvodnja primjenom enzimski kataliziranih reakcija ima znaÄajne prednosti. Iz tog razloga za proizvodnju intermedijara statina istraživanje i razvoj uz primjenu reakcijskog inženjerstva sve se viÅ”e usmjeravaju prema primjeni biokatalize.
Ovo djelo je dano na koriÅ”tenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 meÄunarodna
39th Croatian seminar for foreign Slavic Studies students at the Zagreb school of Slavic Studies (August 23rd - September 3rd 2010)
- ā¦