Central bank independence and its effect on money market stability

Since 1990s many countries have moved toward greater central bank independence (CBI) by either amending their Central Bank’s laws or writing them de novo. Also countries of Western Balkans and many other transition countries have moved toward greater CBI. There are many potential benefits associated with greater CBI, and one of them is stable growth of money and liquidity. For a given level of money market development the hypothesis is that a more independent CB is likely to promote more stable growth of money supply (Dželetović et al., 2008). As a result the main research task of this work is to estimate the effects of CBI on money market growth for five Western Balkans countries and five other European transition countries. Because the empirical studies were very limited for the relationship between CBI and money market growth, there were no clear conclusions. In addition, there were different measuring methodologies that attempt to quantify the extent of legal and actual CBI. Related to the main research task, this dissertation has examined the effects of CBI on money market stability (proxied by bank deposit growth) for a sample of 10 countries for a period from 1999-2009 by using fixed effect model. Through this methodology different regressions have been estimated, but the results were not robust and there are no clear finding on the relationship between CBI and money market growth

Krijumčaranje robe

The criminal offense of smuggling of goods in the Republic of Kosovo is a subject of fundamental importance for the economic and social development of this country and as suvh will be trated in this paper from the theoretical and practical aspect. According to the data presented in this paper, although in official statistics the smuggling of goods is relatively little presented, it is a worrying phenomenon because smuggling of goods damages the budget of the state by hundreds of millions of Euros each year. This damage becomes even more worrier because of the fact that the Kosovo’s revenues depand mostly from customs and taxes. Kosovo is facing many challenges and problems in the fight against criminality, especially the economic one. This paper presents a set of ideas on how the performance of criminal justice system in the fight against the phenomenon of smuggling of goods. For the preparation of this paper, legal, comparative, descriptive, survey and statistical methods were used.Kazneno djelo krijumčarenja robe u Republici Kosovo je tema od temeljne važnosti za ekonomski i socijalni razvoj ove zemlje i kao što će biti objašnjeno u ovom radu s teorijskog i praktičnog aspekta. Prema podacima iznesenim u ovom radu, iako je u službenim statistikama krijumčarenje robe relativno malo predstavljeno, to je zabrinjavajuća pojava jer krijumčarenje robe šteti državnom proračunu za stotine milijuna eura svake godine. Ova šteta postaje još zabrinjavajuća zbog činjenice da se prihodi na Kosovu uglavnom oslanjaju na carine i poreze. Kosovo se suočava s mnogim izazovima i problemima u borbi protiv kriminaliteta, posebno gospodarskog. Ovaj rad predstavlja skup ideja o tome kako djeluju kaznenopravni sustavi u borbi protiv fenomena krijumčarenja robe. Za pripremu ovog rada korištene su pravne, usporedne, opisne, anketne i statističke metode

INTERDISCURSIVE FUGUE IN DAŠA DRNDIĆ’S NOVEL LEICA FORMAT

Rad analizira roman Daše Drndić Leica format (2003) iz perspektive diskurzne stilistike i to tako što motri na koji se način načelo interdiskurzivnosti artikulira na stilskoj razini romana pri čemu upravo radikalno ogoljeni interdiskurzivni šavovi postaju polazišnom točkom interpretacije. Kao temeljna interdiskurzivna figura u ovom romanu uzima se fuga koja istovremeno konotira složenost, polifoničnost i interdiskurzivnu premreženost romanesknog teksta, a na metarazini otvara pitanje pamćenja i zaborava, oblikovanja i prenošenja znanja te njegova kodiranja u jeziku i diskurzu. Analiza pokazuje kako u navedenom romanu Daša Drndić mapira osobnu i kolektivnu povijest usložnjavanjem i kolažiranjem različitih tipova tekstova, žanrova i diskurzā te kako se pritom stilistički zahvati na grafičkom planu romanesknog teksta produžuju u područje njegove semantike.The paper discusses Daša Drndić’s novel Leica format from the perspective of discourse stylistics by analyzing the way interdiscursivity manifests itself on the stylistic level of the novel, laying bare the interdiscursive sutures and thus making them the interpretative stronghold of the novel. The basic interdicursive figure in the novel is fugue which implies complexity, polyphony and interdicursive structure of the text and at the same time raises the questions of remembrance and oblivion, formation and transfer of knowledge and its coding in language and discourse. The analysis shows how Daša Drndić’ novel maps individual and collective history by combining and collaging different types of texts, genres and discourses and how the stylistics procedures on the graphical level of the novel extend into the sphere of its semantics

Treatment of schizophrenia with long-acting antipsychotics

Shizofrenija je teška kronična psihička bolest koju karakteriziraju pozitivni (halucinacije, deluzije i dr.), negativni (smanjeni užitci, osjećaji te poteškoće s govornim izražavanjem i sl.) i kognitivni simptomi (poteškoće s koncentracijom, učenjem i kratkotrajnim pamćenjem). Ukoliko se ne liječi, uzrokuje visok stupanj onesposobljenja jer otežava funkcioniranje bolesnika u radnom i socijalnom okruženju. Patofiziologija shizofrenije je vrlo kompleksna, a vjerojatno je posljedica disbalansa u različitim neurotransmitorskim sustavima (dopaminski, serotoninski, glutamatni i dr.) u određenim regijama mozga. Antipsihotici su lijekovi koji se koriste u liječenju shizofrenije, a djeluju na način da smanjuju/ublažavaju simptome bolesti. Dijele se na tipične (prvu generaciju) i atipične (drugu generaciju) koje se razlikuju i prema mehanizmima djelovanja i prema profilu neželjenih učinaka. Tipični antipsihotici djeluju primarno na dopaminske D2 receptore kao snažni antagonisti, dok se atipični razlikuju u načinu djelovanja na D2 receptore te, između ostalog, uključuju i blokadu serotoninskih 5-HT2A receptora. Budući da se radi o neselektivnim lijekovima koji se vežu i za druge receptore na periferiji i u SŽS-u, to može rezultirati različitim neželjenim učincima. Dok se uz tipične antipsihotike vežu distonija i ekstrapiramidni sindrom te hiperprolaktinemija, atipični mogu uzrokovati metaboličke poremećaje. Zbog same prirode bolesti, neželjenih učinaka lijekova i drugih čimbenika, velik broj bolesnika je nesuradljivo te neadherentno. Kako bi se olakšalo liječenje i osigurala veća suradljivost bolesnika, na tržištu postoje različiti oblici antipsihotika, poput otopina za depo intramuskularnu primjenu koji su se nametnuli kao superiorniji način liječenja pred oralnom terapijom. S obzirom da rezultati dosadašnjih kliničkih istraživanja o učinkovitosti, sigurnosnom profilu i prednostima depo oblika u odnosu na oralnu terapiju nisu jednoznačni, potrebna su daljnja istraživanja kako bismo u potpunosti mogli razumjeti sve prednosti i nedostatke ovakve terapije. U kliničkom kontekstu, ta bi saznanja trebali iskoristiti za unapređenje načina liječenja oboljelih od ove teške bolesti kroz osiguranje njihove bolje adherencije i veće suradljivosti.Schizophrenia is a severe chronic mental illness that is characterized by the positive (hallucinations, delusions, etc.), negative (reduced pleasures, feelings and difficulty with speech expression, etc.), and cognitive symptoms (difficulty with concentration, learning and short-term memory). If left untreated, schizophrenia causes a high degree of disability because it makes it more difficult for patients to function in working and social environment. Pathophysiology of schizophrenia is very complex and it is likely a result of imbalances in different neurotransmitter systems (dopamine, serotonin, glutamatergic, etc.) in different brain regions. Antipsychotics are drugs that are used in the treatment of schizophrenia and act in a way to reduce symptoms of the disease. They are divided into typical (first generation) and atypical (second generation), based on their mechanisms of action and profiles of side effects. Typical antipsychotics act primarily on the dopamine D2 receptors as powerful antagonists, while the atypical differ in mode of action on D2 receptors and, among other things, include blockade of 5-HT2A receptors. Because of their nonselective binding to other receptors, they can induce a variety of unwanted side effects. While the typical antipsychotics induce dystonia, extrapyramidal syndrome and hyperprolactinemia, atypical antipsychotics can cause metabolic disorders. Due to the nature of this disease, side effects profile of the drugs and other factors, large percentage of patients is noncompliant. In order to facilitate the treatment and to ensure greater complience of patients, there are different formulations of antipsychotics on the market, such as solutions for intramuscular depot application which were imposed as a superior way of treatment. Because the results of previous clinical trials about the effectiveness, safety profile and benefits of depot formulations in relation to oral therapy are not unambiguous, further clinical trials are needed in order to fully understand all the advantages and the shortcomings of this kind of therapy. In clinical contex, this knowledge should be used to improve treatment in people suffering from this severe disease and to insure better adherence

Interdiskurzivnost: stilistički prilog teoriji književnoga diskurza

Polazeći od teze slovenskog teoretičara Marka Juvana o nužnosti pre-oblikovanja književne teorije u teoriju književnoga diskurza, rad će taj metodološki obrat propitati iz perspektive stilistike, discipline koja se i sama u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća zatekla u sličnoj krizi i koja je svoju potencijalnu budućnost pronašla u simbiozi s različitim teorijama diskurza. Ta je suradnja posljednjih desetljeća bila najplodonosnija u području funkcionalne stilistike, koja se sve više promatra kao stilistika diskurza, no došlo je vrijeme da se razmotri kako bi se uvidi dobiveni takvom interdisciplinarnom suradnjom mogli primijeniti i na stilističku analizu književnih tekstova. Kao operativni pojam poslužit će nam ovdje koncept interdiskurzivnosti, koji je dosad pretežno bio predme-tom interesa socijalnih i lingvističkih teoretičara diskurza, ali koji nudi i mogućnost primjene u području literarne stilistike

Biokataliza u proizvodnji farmaceutskih intermedijara: prekursori statina

The application of enzymes in chemical synthesis, due to the recent advances, has a strong impact in multiple industries, especially the pharmaceutical industry. Namely, the use of enzymes shows remarkable advantages over classical chemical catalysis and therefore it is considered a ‘green’ solution. By using novel techniques, it is possible to tailor the enzymes to adapt them for a given process. Today, several pharmaceutical companies are successfully producing valuable precursors for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients using enzymes, some of them being statin precursors. Statins are hypolipidemics, drugs used for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and lowering cholesterol concentration in blood. Due to challenges in the chemical synthesis of statin intermediates, the production of statin intermediates using enzyme-catalysed reactions shows some notable advantages. Therefore, research and development laboratories, combined with reaction engineering techniques, have shifted their focus towards applying biochemical catalysis for the production of statin intermediates. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Napredak tehnologije usko je vezan uz primjenu enzima u kemijskoj sintezi. Biokataliza ima velik utjecaj na različite industrije a među njima se posebno ističe farmaceutska industrija. Primjena enzima pokazuje značajne prednosti u usporedbi s tehnikama klasične kemijske sinteze te se smatra i ‘zelenim’ rješenjem. Primjenjujući nove dostupne tehnike i tehnologije, enzime je moguće u potpunosti prilagoditi zahtjevima određenog procesa. Danas je poznato nekoliko farmaceutskih tvrtki koje uz pomoć enzima uspješno proizvode vrijedne intermedijare za proizvodnju aktivnih farmaceutskih spojeva, a u njih se ubrajaju i prekursori statina. Statini su hipolipidemici, lijekovi koji se upotrebljavaju za prevenciju kardiovaskularnih bolesti te za snižavanje koncentracije kolesterola u krvi. Metoda klasične kemijske sinteze intermedijara statina vrlo je zahtjevna te stoga njihova proizvodnja primjenom enzimski kataliziranih reakcija ima značajne prednosti. Iz tog razloga za proizvodnju intermedijara statina istraživanje i razvoj uz primjenu reakcijskog inženjerstva sve se više usmjeravaju prema primjeni biokatalize. Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna