Process analysis of pressurized oxy-coal power cycle for carbon capture application integrated with liquid air power generation and binary cycle engines

In this paper, the thermodynamic advantage of integrating liquid air power generation (LAPG) process and binary cycle waste heat recovery technology to a standalone pressurized oxy-coal combustion supercritical steam power generation cycle is investigated through modeling and simulation using Aspen Plus® simulation software version 8.4. The study shows that the integration of LAPG process and the use of binary cycle heat engine which convert waste heat from compressor exhaust to electricity, in a standalone pressurized oxy-coal combustion supercritical steam power generation cycle improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the pressurized oxy-coal process. The analysis indicates that such integration can give about 12–15% increase in thermodynamic efficiency when compared with a standalone pressurized oxy-coal process with or without CO2 capture. It was also found that in a pressurized oxy-coal process, it is better to pump the liquid oxygen from the cryogenic ASU to a very high pressure prior to vapourization in the cryogenic ASU main heat exchanger and subsequently expand the gaseous oxygen to the required combustor pressure than either compressing the atmospheric gaseous oxygen produced from the cryogenic ASU directly to the combustor pressure or pumping the liquid oxygen to the combustor pressure prior to vapourization in the cryogenic ASU main heat exchanger. The power generated from the compressor heat in the flue gas purification, carbon capture and compression unit using binary cycle heat engine was also found to offset about 65% of the power consumed in the flue gas cleaning and compression process. The work presented here shows that there is a synergistic and thermodynamic advantage of utilizing the nitrogen-rich stream from the cryogenic ASU of an oxy-fuel power generation process for power generation instead of discarding it as a waste stream

PENGEMBANGAN SOLO BATIK CARNIVAL SEBAGAI DAYA TARIK WISATA KOTA SOLO

ABSTRAK Laporan tugas akhir ini mengkaji tentang latar belakang diadakan Solo Batik Carnival. Event yang pernah diikuti oleh Solo Batik Carnival. Tema yang diangkat dalam Solo Batik Carnival dan pelaksanaan penyelenggaraan Solo Batik Carnival. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan langkah pengumpulan data berdasar pada wawancara dengan instruktur, voulenteer dan peserta Solo Batik Carnival, observasi lapangan di Balaikota dan Jalan Slamet Riyadi Solo, studi pustaka, serta dokumen dari metode tersebut, penulis diperoleh gambaran yang jelas dan data maupun informasi mengenai Pengembangan Solo Batik Carnival sebagai Daya Tarik Kota Solo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam pengembangan Solo Batik Carnival sebagai daya tarik wisata kota Solo perlu adanya pengembangan tema yang berbeda, dan dalam pelaksanaan serta penyelenggaraan Solo Batik Carnival untuk ikut serta dalam berbagai event di dalam maupun di luar negeri. Kesimpulannya bahwa pengembangan Solo Batik Carnival sebagai daya tarik kota Solo sudah dilakukan yaitu dengan adanya perbedaan tema setiap tahunnya dan telah berhasil menarik minat wisatawan untuk menyaksikan penyelenggaraan Solo Batik Carnival

Commercial rights, ethical duties and challenges in sports: Towards an effective framework in Nigeria

By providing financial support for sporting events, companies use sponsorship deals as a marketing strategy to promote the sale and request for their products and/or services. A broadcasting company that acquires the media rights in relation to a particular sporting event enjoys the exclusive right to televise visual and audio signals from such an event to its subscribing audience. There are also image rights that may be attached to a particular individual which allows such an individual to be in control of his/her personality/publicity and be in a position to monetize it, either by selling or licensing it. Collectively, sponsorship, media, and image rights are all exploitable commercial rights. So as to avoid undue exploitation of these rights, there are existing rules and regulations guiding the participation of commercial brands and athletes in various sporting events. There is a clear need for the appraisal of these rules so as to better understand their full scope and impact on concerned participants. This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive review of some of the relevant provisions of these rules and regulations at the global and continental level before examining Nigeria’s country-specific regulatory framework

Behaviour Of Unsaturated Soils Fof Road Pavement Structure Under Cyclic Loading

DissertationThe geotechnical engineering practice has not been advanced in South Africa. As no significant integration of unsaturated soil mechanics (USM) is yet to be covered in pavement design. Stiffness of subgrade soils that is determined by resilient modulus (), is an important component in the design of flexible pavement structures and railway embankments. Environmental effects, such as seasonal variations in moisture content considerably influence the subgrade properties that are failed to be considered in any realistic pavement and railway embankment design. The seasonal changes in moisture condition affects the stress state of subgrade due to changes in the matric suction and this is considered an important stress state variable in unsaturated soil mechanics. Therefore, particular attention was directed in this research towards evaluating the response of unsaturated pavement structure under cyclic loading. Several factors are needed to be considered during pavement design, which are dependent on in order to provide an accurate assessment of the support provide by the subgrade. Roadbed with high plasticity index (PI) and swelling potential, are prevalent across Free State and Northern Cape and this possess an uncommon challenges to design Engineers. This challenge is majorly as a result of value of high plasticity index subgrades depends on the moisture content. Furthermore, the pavement structures are generally under unsaturated conditions, such that the Groundwater Table depth is below the depth of the subgrade in consideration for pavement design. The classic soil mechanics considers the pavement structures to be under saturated conditions. This means, that the soil mass under consideration consists of two phases, solids (soil particles) and water. This assumption is generally acceptable, as it makes it possible to develop simple analytical solutions that lay the foundation for geotechnical engineering. However, since subgrade soils for pavements exist largely in an unsaturated state. It is reasonably realistic to employ the fundamentals of unsaturated soil mechanics in order to explore the resilient performance and deformation characteristics of subgrades using - suction correlation. The evaluation of properties of unsaturated subgrade soils and evaluation effects of suction and swelling stress on of the studied subgrades were summerized in this research. Furthermore, this study developed mathematical predictive models. As well, reviewed the design of flexible pavement, as per AASHTO 1993 flexible pavement design guide by comparing designs made with both unsaturated design value and conventional laboratory design value. Prior to the design of flexible pavement exercise carried out in this study, some geotechnical tests were laboratory conducted using both the unsaturated soil mechanics and classic soil mechanics approach i.e. unsaturated CBR, shear stress, resilient modulus tests and filter paper test to measure suction. The laboratory result of the tested soils reveal that the unsaturated CBR and values were 1.5 to 2.5 times higher than that of the conventional CBR and values. Among other results, are shear strength result that followed similar trend, on the contrary, the shear stress parameter i.e. ∅ of the tested soils were 1 to 1.5% lower than that of the classical soil mechanics. The SWRC curves were evaluated through the entire range of volumetric water content using filter paper techniques. It is evident that depends on matric suction, which also varies with moisture content, thereby, a -matric suction relationship provides sound theoretical framework to account for moisture variation in unsaturated subgrade soils. Three different SWRC models (Seki, Van Genuchten, and Fredlund and Xing) were used for curve fitting, the SWRC revealed that Seki’s SWRC model best fitted the laboratory data with coefficient of determination, R2 values ranging from 0.95458 - 0.99986. Whereas, Van Genuchten R2 values were in the bracket of 0.85796 - 0.93317, and Fredlund and Xing R2 values were within the range of 0.89959 – 0.96142. The SWRC curves evidenced that the subgrade soils with fine content (50%>P200) like FSS 1, 2 and NCS 2 and 3 recorded higher air entry values (AEV) within the range of 152 kPa – 250 kPa. Whereas, the subgrade soils with lower fine content yielded AEV between the range of 90kPa -120kPa. The means that soils with high fine content starts to desaturate at a very high AEV compared to soils with lower fine content, due to inability of the soils to maintain saturation. The analysis of experimental data obtained from the prepared specimens at different moisture contents were used for multi-regression analysis using "NCSS11” software package. The predictive mathematical models were developed for unsaturated CBR. This model performed well against Ampadu’s (2007) model for prediction of unsaturated CBR. In addition, all the predictive models developed in this study i.e. Models 7, 8, and extended Yang et.al model yielded more satisfactorily results than, Yang et.al (2005) model, Liang et. al (2008) model and when compared with the laboratory measured . Thus, the predicted values using all these models were 1.2 to 1.5 times higher than laboratory measured values with R2 within the range of 0.91 – 0.96 on curve validation. The results showed that all the tested subgrade soils are highly depended on 1 parameter. Whereas, the effects of 2, and 3 are proportional to deviatoric and confining stresses relatively to values. Lastly, AASHTO 1993 pavement design guide was used for the design exercise, on the samples prepared on the dry side of optimum. Subgrade reflect the range of stress states, commonly developed beneath the pavements that are subjected to moving wheel loads. According to the design exercise in this study, the predicted design value for the subgrade provided sufficient thickness that can support the entire pavement structure. Whereas, the measure resilient modulus design value, underdesigned the pavement thus, required higher asphalt thickness layer

Optimising thermal energy recovery, utilisation and management in the process industries

The persistent increase in the price of energy, the clamour to preserve our environment from the harmful effects of the anthropogenic release of greenhouse gases from the combustion of fossil fuels and the need to conserve these rapidly depleting fuels has resulted in the need for the deployment of industry best practices in energy conservation through energy efficiency improvement processes like the waste heat recovery technique. In 2006, it was estimated that approximately 20.66% of energy in the UK is consumed by industry as end-user, with the process industries (chemical industries, metal and steel industries, food and drink industries) consuming about 407 TWh, 2010 value stands at 320.28 TWh (approximately 18.35%). Due to the high number of food and drink industries in the UK, these are estimated to consume about 36% of this energy with a waste heat recovery potential of 2.8 TWh. This work presents the importance of waste heat recovery in the process industries in general, and in the UK food industry in particular, with emphasis on the fryer section of the crisps manufacturing process, which has been identified as one of the energy-intensive food industries with high waste heat recovery potential. The work proposes the use of a dual heat source ORC system for the recovery and conversion of the waste heat from the fryer section of a crisps manufacturing plant to electricity. The result, obtained through modelling and simulation, shows that the proposed technology can produce about 92% of the daily peak electricity need of the plant which is currently 216 kW. Also, the economic analysis shows that the proposed technology is viable (even at an inflation rate of 5.03% and discounted rate of 6%), with a payback period of approximately three years and net present value of over £2.2 million if the prices of electricity and carbon is at an average value of £0.16 and £13.77 respectively throughout the 30 years service life of the plant. The life cycle assessment study shows that the proposed technology can reduce the CO2 emission by 139,580 kg/year if the electricity produced is used to displace that which would have been produced from a conventional coal-fired power plant

Behaviour of unsaturated soils for road pavement structure under cyclic loading

Thesis (Doctor of Engineering in Civil Engineering) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2018The geotechnical engineering practice has not been advanced in South Africa. As no significant integration of unsaturated soil mechanics (USM) is yet to be covered in pavement design. Stiffness of subgrade soils that is determined by resilient modulus (), is an important component in the design of flexible pavement structures and railway embankments. Environmental effects, such as seasonal variations in moisture content considerably influence the subgrade properties that are failed to be considered in any realistic pavement and railway embankment design. The seasonal changes in moisture condition affects the stress state of subgrade due to changes in the matric suction and this is considered an important stress state variable in unsaturated soil mechanics. Therefore, particular attention was directed in this research towards evaluating the response of unsaturated pavement structure under cyclic loading. Several factors are needed to be considered during pavement design, which are dependent on in order to provide an accurate assessment of the support provide by the subgrade. Roadbed with high plasticity index (PI) and swelling potential, are prevalent across Free State and Northern Cape and this possess an uncommon challenges to design Engineers. This challenge is majorly as a result of value of high plasticity index subgrades depends on the moisture content. Furthermore, the pavement structures are generally under unsaturated conditions, such that the Groundwater Table depth is below the depth of the subgrade in consideration for pavement design. The classic soil mechanics considers the pavement structures to be under saturated conditions. This means, that the soil mass under consideration consists of two phases, solids (soil particles) and water. This assumption is generally acceptable, as it makes it possible to develop simple analytical solutions that lay the foundation for geotechnical engineering. However, since subgrade soils for pavements exist largely in an unsaturated state. It is reasonably realistic to employ the fundamentals of unsaturated soil mechanics in order to explore the resilient performance and deformation characteristics of subgrades using - suction correlation. The evaluation of properties of unsaturated subgrade soils and evaluation effects of suction and swelling stress on of the studied subgrades were summerized in this research. Furthermore, this study developed mathematical predictive models. As well, reviewed the design of flexible pavement, as per AASHTO 1993 flexible pavement design guide by comparing designs made with both unsaturated design value and conventional laboratory design value. Prior to the design of flexible pavement exercise carried out in this study, some geotechnical tests were laboratory conducted using both the unsaturated soil mechanics and classic soil mechanics approach i.e. unsaturated CBR, shear stress, resilient modulus tests and filter paper test to measure suction. The laboratory result of the tested soils reveal that the unsaturated CBR and values were 1.5 to 2.5 times higher than that of the conventional CBR and values. Among other results, are shear strength result that followed similar trend, on the contrary, the shear stress parameter i.e. ∅ of the tested soils were 1 to 1.5% lower than that of the classical soil mechanics. The SWRC curves were evaluated through the entire range of volumetric water content using filter paper techniques. It is evident that depends on matric suction, which also varies with moisture content, thereby, a -matric suction relationship provides sound theoretical framework to account for moisture variation in unsaturated subgrade soils. Three different SWRC models (Seki, Van Genuchten, and Fredlund and Xing) were used for curve fitting, the SWRC revealed that Seki’s SWRC model best fitted the laboratory data with coefficient of determination, R2 values ranging from 0.95458 - 0.99986. Whereas, Van Genuchten R2 values were in the bracket of 0.85796 - 0.93317, and Fredlund and Xing R2 values were within the range of 0.89959 – 0.96142. The SWRC curves evidenced that the subgrade soils with fine content (50%>P200) like FSS 1, 2 and NCS 2 and 3 recorded higher air entry values (AEV) within the range of 152 kPa – 250 kPa. Whereas, the subgrade soils with lower fine content yielded AEV between the range of 90kPa -120kPa. The means that soils with high fine content starts to desaturate at a very high AEV compared to soils with lower fine content, due to inability of the soils to maintain saturation. The analysis of experimental data obtained from the prepared specimens at different moisture contents were used for multi-regression analysis using "NCSS11” software package. The predictive mathematical models were developed for unsaturated CBR. This model performed well against Ampadu’s (2007) model for prediction of unsaturated CBR. In addition, all the predictive models developed in this study i.e. Models 7, 8, and extended Yang et.al model yielded more satisfactorily results than, Yang et.al (2005) model, Liang et. al (2008) model and when compared with the laboratory measured . Thus, the predicted values using all these models were 1.2 to 1.5 times higher than laboratory measured values with R2 within the range of 0.91 – 0.96 on curve validation. The results showed that all the tested subgrade soils are highly depended on 1 parameter. Whereas, the effects of 2, and 3 are proportional to deviatoric and confining stresses relatively to values. Lastly, AASHTO 1993 pavement design guide was used for the design exercise, on the samples prepared on the dry side of optimum. Subgrade reflect the range of stress states, commonly developed beneath the pavements that are subjected to moving wheel loads. According to the design exercise in this study, the predicted design value for the subgrade provided sufficient thickness that can support the entire pavement structure. Whereas, the measure resilient modulus design value, underdesigned the pavement thus, required higher asphalt thickness layer

PENDAMPINGAN MASYARAKAT SEBAGAI UPAYA KONSERVASI KAWASAN PESISIR DI NEGERI PASSO, KOTA AMBON

Everyone should understand the importance of planting trees from an early age. Planting trees so far, without realizing it, is only a ceremony or a trivial activity without meaning. In fact, there are many benefits to planting trees, not only for humans but for all living things around them. The existence of trees is currently very important in overcoming pollution, both pollution due to motorized vehicles and pollution from factories, especially in densely populated cities. The following are the benefits, goals, and functions of planting trees for the survival of humans, animals, and the environment. The benefits of planting trees are that they can store rainwater and maintain water reserves in the soil. Trees have a mechanism for storing water in the soil. The roots of the tree will absorb water from the soil for their own needs in carrying out photosynthesis. The purpose of planting trees is to improve the function of the forest while at the same time improving the environment, Because this is an inheritance for posterity, we should plant as many trees as possible. The function of trees for air is that they will clean the air from pollutants and produce oxygen, which we will later inhale when we breathe. Trees also play a role in reducing the greenhouse effect caused by carbon dioxide gases in the atmosphere

Effects of Data Frame Size Distribution on Wireless Lans

The continuous need to replace cables and deploy mobile devices in the communications industry has led to very active research on the utilization of wireless networks. IEEE 802.11 WLAN is known to achieve relatively small throughput performance compared to the underlying physical layer’s transmission rate and this is as a result of large overhead information composed of medium access control header, physical layer preamble information back-off duration control frames (ACK) transmissions and even inter-frame spaces. This paper provides an overview of frame size distribution using the dual fixed frame size as a case in point and subsequently a performance evaluation in a multi-user transmission channel condition is carried out. The distribution of frame size and its effect on the throughput is also investigated. This is done through comparison of various scenarios such as fixed frame size distribution and dual-fixed frame size distribution. The dual- fixed frame size distribution case has both equality and inequality cases and both are investigated. The case of equal frames was found to have improved marginal throughput compared to the other cases. The analysis and measurement results from OPNET simulation has shown that an equal fixed frame size distribution can be efficient in optimizing useful data