The Epstein-Barr virus BamHI C promoter is not essential for B cell immortalization in vitro, but it greatly enhances B cell growth transformation

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of B cells leads to the sequential activation of two viral promoters, Wp and Cp, resulting in the expression of six EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs) and the viral Bcl2 homologue BHRF1. The viral transactivator EBNA2 is required for this switch from Wp to Cp usage during the initial stages of infection. EBNA2-dependent Cp transcription is mediated by the EBNA2 response element (E2RE), a region that contains at least two binding sites for cellular factors; one of these sites, CBF1, interacts with RBP-JK, which then recruits EBNA2 to the transcription initiation complex. Here we demonstrate that the B cell-specific transcription factor BSAP/Pax5 binds to a second site, CBF2, in the E2RE. Deletion of the E2RE in the context of a recombinant virus greatly diminished levels of Cp-initiated transcripts during the initial stages of infection but did not affect the levels of Wp-initiated transcripts or EBNA mRNAs. Consistent with this finding, viruses deleted for the E2RE were not markedly impaired in their ability to induce B cell transformation in vitro. In contrast, a larger deletion of the entire Cp region did reduce EBNA mRNA levels early after infection and subsequently almost completely ablated lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) outgrowth. Notably, however, rare LCLs could be established following infection with Cp-deleted viruses, and these were indistinguishable from wild-type-derived LCLs in terms of steady-state EBV gene transcription. These data indicate that, unlike Wp, Cp is dispensable for the virus' growth-transforming activity. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a B lymphotropic herpesvirus etiologically linked to several B cell malignancies, efficiently induces B cell proliferation leading to the outgrowth of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). The initial stages of this growth-transforming infection are characterized by the sequential activation of two viral promoters, Wp and Cp, both of which appear to be preferentially active in target B cells. In this work, we have investigated the importance of Cp activity in initiating B cell proliferation and maintaining LCL growth. Using recombinant viruses, we demonstrate that while Cp is not essential for LCL outgrowth in vitro, it enhances transformation efficiency by >100-fold. We also show that Cp, like Wp, interacts with the B cell-specific activator protein BSAP/Pax5. We suggest that EBV has evolved this two-promoter system to ensure efficient colonization of the host B cell system in vivo

Applications of Satellite Remote Sensing for Response to and Recovery from Meteorological Disasters

Numerous onorbit satellites provide a wide range of spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions supporting the use of their resulting imagery in assessments of disasters that are meteorological in nature. This presentation will provide an overview of recent use of Earth remote sensing by NASA's Shortterm Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center in response to disaster activities in 2012 and 2013, along with case studies supporting ongoing research and development. The SPoRT Center, with support from NASA's Applied Sciences Program, has explored a variety of new applications of Earthobserving sensors to support disaster response. In May 2013, the SPoRT Center developed unique power outage composites representing the first clear sky view of damage inflicted upon Moore and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma following the devastating EF5 tornado that occurred on May 20. Subsequent ASTER, MODIS, Landsat7 and Landsat8 imagery help to identify the damaged areas. Higher resolution imagery of Moore, Oklahoma were provided by commercial satellites and the recently available International Space Station (ISS) SERVIR Environmental Research and Visualization System (ISERV) instrument. New techniques are being explored by the SPoRT team in order to better identify damage visible in high resolution imagery, and to monitor ongoing recovery for Moore, Oklahoma. This presentation will provide an overview of near realtime data products developed for dissemination to SPoRT's partners in NOAA's National Weather Service, through collaboration with the USGS and other federal agencies. Specifically, it will focus on integration of various data sets within the NOAA National Weather Service Damage Assessment Toolkit, which allows meteorologists in the field to consult available satellite imagery while performing their damage assessment

Stellar Explosions by Magnetic Towers

We propose a magnetic mechanism for the collimated explosion of a massive star relevant for GRBs, XRFs and asymmetric supernovae. We apply Lynden-Bell's magnetic tower scenario to the interior of a massive rotating star after the core has collapsed to form a black hole with an accretion disk or a millisecond magnetar acting as a central engine. We solve the force-free Grad-Shafranov equation to calculate the magnetic structure and growth of a tower embedded in a stellar environment. The pressure of the toroidal magnetic field, continuously generated by differential rotation of the central engine, drives a rapid expansion which becomes vertically collimated after lateral force balance with the surrounding gas pressure is reached. The collimation naturally occurs because hoop stress concentrates magnetic field toward the rotation axis and inhibits lateral expansion. This leads to the growth of a self-collimated magnetic tower. When embedded in a massive star, the supersonic expansion of the tower drives a strong bow shock behind which an over-pressured cocoon forms. The cocoon confines the tower by supplying collimating pressure and provides stabilization against disruption due to MHD instabilities. Because the tower consists of closed field lines starting and ending on the central engine, mixing of baryons from the cocoon into the tower is suppressed. The channel cleared by the growing tower is thus plausibly free of baryons and allows the escape of magnetic energy from the central engine through the star. While propagating down the stellar density gradient, the tower accelerates and becomes relativistic. During the expansion, fast collisionless reconnection becomes possible resulting in dissipation of magnetic energy which may be responsible for GRB prompt emission.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, accepted to ApJ, updated references and additional discussion adde

Bypass or Angioplasty for Severe Limb Ischaemia? A Delphi Consensus Study

AbstractObjectives: to examine the level of agreement among vascular surgeons and interventional radiologists regarding their preference for the surgical or endovascular management of severe limb ischaemia.Design: Delphi consensus study using 596 different hypothetical patient scenarios.Participants: Delphi consensus group for the Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial.Methods: twenty consultant vascular surgeons and 17 interventional radiologists completed both rounds of the study. The scenarios detailed the anatomical extent of disease, whether the patients had rest pain only or had tissue loss, and whether or not a suitable vein for bypass was available. Panellists were asked to score their treatment preference for either surgery or angioplasty on an eight-point scale. Outliers (top 10% and bottom 10% responses) were removed. If the remaining 80% of responses fell within a 3-point range, this was defined as “agreement”. If they did not, this was considered “disagreement”.Results: there was substantial disagreement in 484 (81%) of scenarios in round 1 and 401 (67%) in round 2. This disagreement was greater among surgeon than radiologists in both round 1 (83 vs 65%) and round 2 (69 vs 42%). Surgeons also demonstrated less convergence between rounds.Conclusions: there is substantial disagreement between and among surgeons and radiologists with regard to the appropriateness of surgery or angioplasty for severe limb ischaemia. This lack of consensus stems from the absence of an evidence base and means that the same patient may receive entirely different treatment depending on which hospital and consultant they attend. Not only may this unexplained variation be clinically unsatisfactory, it has major implications for the planning and use of health service resources

Personality\u27s Relationship to Instagram Photo Characteristics and Themes

This study examined the relationship of personality, narcissism, and academic achievement to social media usage among 210 participants (35% Male, 65% Female). Findings demonstrate several relationships between person characteristics and the self- and other-rated behavioral and situational characteristics of posts on Instagram. Overall, personality predicts social media usage and content

Quantum advantage by relational queries about physically realizable equivalence classes

Relational quantum queries are sometimes capable to effectively decide between collections of mutually exclusive elementary cases without completely resolving and determining those individual instances. Thereby the set of mutually exclusive elementary cases is effectively partitioned into equivalence classes pertinent to the respective query. In the second part of the paper, we review recent progress in theoretical certifications (relative to the assumptions made) of quantum value indeterminacy as a means to build quantum oracles for randomness.Comment: 8 Pages, one figure, invited contribution to TopHPC2019, Tehran, Iran, April 22-25, 201

Paleoclimate histories improve access and sustainability in index insurance programs

Proxy-based climate reconstructions can extend instrumental records by hundreds of years, providing a wealth of climate information at high temporal resolution. To date, however, their usefulness for informing climate risk and variability in policy and social applications has been understudied. Here, we apply tree-ring based reconstructions of drought for the last 700 years in a climate index insurance framework to show that additional information from long climate reconstructions significantly improves our understanding of the underlying climate distributions and variability. We further show that this added information can be used to better characterize risk to insurance providers, in many cases providing meaningful reductions in long-term contract costs to farmers in stand-alone policies. The impact of uncertainty on insurance premiums can also be reduced when insurers diversify portfolios, and the availability of long-term climate information from tree rings across a broad geographic range provides an opportunity to characterize spatial correlation in climate risk across geographic regions. Our results are robust to the range of climate variability experienced over the last 400 years and in model simulations of the twenty-first century, even within the context of changing baselines due to low frequency variability and secular climate trends. These results demonstrate the utility of longer-term climate histories in index insurance applications. Furthermore, they make the case from a climate-variability perspective for the continued importance of such approaches to improving the instrumental climate record, even into a non-stationary climate future

Paleoclimate histories improve access and sustainability in index insurance programs

Proxy-based climate reconstructions can extend instrumental records by hundreds of years, providing a wealth of climate information at high temporal resolution. To date, however, their usefulness for informing climate risk and variability in policy and social applications has been understudied. Here, we apply tree-ring based reconstructions of drought for the last 700 years in a climate index insurance framework to show that additional information from long climate reconstructions significantly improves our understanding of the underlying climate distributions and variability. We further show that this added information can be used to better characterize risk to insurance providers, in many cases providing meaningful reductions in long-term contract costs to farmers in stand-alone policies. The impact of uncertainty on insurance premiums can also be reduced when insurers diversify portfolios, and the availability of long-term climate information from tree rings across a broad geographic range provides an opportunity to characterize spatial correlation in climate risk across geographic regions. Our results are robust to the range of climate variability experienced over the last 400 years and in model simulations of the twenty-first century, even within the context of changing baselines due to low frequency variability and secular climate trends. These results demonstrate the utility of longer-term climate histories in index insurance applications. Furthermore, they make the case from a climate-variability perspective for the continued importance of such approaches to improving the instrumental climate record, even into a non-stationary climate future