416 research outputs found
The Expulsion and Disqualification of Legislators: Parliamentary Privilege and the Charter of Rights
This article examines whetherthe Charter of Rights limits the ability of legislatures to expel sitting members and to disqualify individuals from running for election. The discussions reveal the uncertain breadth of the constitutional status that the Supreme Court of Canada accorded legislative privilege in New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia (Speakerof the House of Assembly). The author argues that both explusion and disqualification should be included among the privileges that are beyond the Charter\u27s purview
Military Law and the Charter of Rights
Substantial re-evaluations of the rules ordering many facets of Canadian society have been required since the introduction of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, both as a consequence and in anticipation of challenges in the courts. The military community in particular has been faced with extensive difficulties because of the adoption of the Charter of Rights by its parent civilian society. The dilemma the military finds itself in stems from the creation of the Charter by civilian politicians and lawyers who had the problems of a civilian society and legal system in mind; yet it applies equally to the military.\u27 Although the Forces have adopted a number of changes in order to accommodate the Charter, there still remains a broad range of long-established military policies which could face challenges in the courts for limiting the enumerated rights in the Charter. Not only may a number of administrative practices and specific military offences be open to question, but so may the tribunals which form the very basis of military justice. Serious problems arise in trying to resolve these apparent contraventions because this conflict represents more than just a discrepancy between a particular set of laws and the Charter, rather, it is generated by a fundamental clash between the values of the military community and those of the Canadian society at large
T-SIMn: Towards a Framework for the Trace-Based Simulation of 802.11n Networks
With billions of WiFi devices now in use, and growing, combined with the rising
popularity of high-bandwidth applications, such as streaming video, demands on
WiFi networks continue to rise. To increase performance for end users the
802.11n WiFi standard introduces several new features that increase Physical
Layer Data Rates (PLDRs). However, the rates are less robust (i.e., more prone
error). Optimizing throughput in an 802.11n network requires choosing the
combination of features that results in the greatest balance between PLDRs and
error rates, which is highly dependent on the environmental conditions. While
the faster PLDRs are an important factor in the throughput gains afforded by
802.11n, it is only when they are used in combination with the new MAC layer
features, namely Frame Aggregation (FA) and Block Acknowledgements (BAs), that
802.11n achieves significant gains when compared to the older 802.11g standard.
FA allows multiple frames to be combined into a large frame so that they can be
transmitted and acknowledged as one aggregated packet, which results in the
channel being used more efficiently.
Unfortunately, it is challenging to experimentally evaluate and compare the
performance of WiFi networks using different combinations of 802.11n features.
WiFi networks operate in 2.4 and 5 GHz bands, which are shared by WiFi devices,
included in computers, cell phones and tablets; as well as Bluetooth devices,
wireless keyboards/mice, cordless phones, microwave ovens and many others.
Competition for the shared medium can negatively impact throughput by increasing
transmission delays or error rates. This makes it difficult to perform
repeatable experiments that are representative of the conditions in which WiFi
devices are typically used. Therefore, we need new methodologies for
understanding and evaluating how to best use these new 802.11n features.
An existing trace-based simulation framework, called T-RATE, has been shown to
be an accurate alternative to experimentally evaluating throughput in 802.11g
networks. We propose T-SIMn, an extension of the T-RATE framework that includes
support for the newer 802.11n WiFi standard. In particular, we implement a new
802.11n network simulator, which we call SIMn. Furthermore, we develop a new
implementation of the trace collection phase that incorporates FA. We
demonstrate that SIMn accurately simulates throughput for one, two and
three-antenna PLDRs in 802.11n with FA. We also show that SIMn accurately
simulates delay due to WiFi and non-WiFi interference, as well as error due to
path loss in mobile scenarios. Finally, we evaluate the T-SIMn framework
(including trace collection) by collecting traces using an iPhone. The iPhone is
representative of a wide variety of one antenna devices. We find that our
framework can be used to accurately simulate these scenarios and we demonstrate
the fidelity of SIMn by uncovering problems with our initial evaluation
methodology. We expect that the T-SIMn framework will be suitable for easily and
fairly evaluating rate adaptation, frame aggregation and channel bandwidth
adaptation algorithms for 802.11n networks, which are challenging to evaluate
experimentally
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Managing farmed landscapes for pollinating insects
Increasing floral resources and improving habitat conditions can benefit pollinating insect species, wildflowers and crop production
Topical delivery of a Rho-kinase inhibitor to the cornea via mucoadhesive film
The application of inhibitors of the Rho kinase pathway (ROCK inhibitors) to the surface of the eye in the form of eyedrops has beneficial effects which aid the recovery of diseased or injured endothelial cells that line the inner surface of the cornea. The aim of this study was to test the plausibility of delivering a selective ROCK inhibitor, Y-27,632, to the cornea using a thin polymeric film. Mucoadhesive polymeric thin films were prepared incorporating Y-27,632 and diffusional release into PBS was determined. Topical ocular delivery from the applied film was investigated using freshly excised porcine eyes and eyedrops of equivalent concentration acted as comparators; after 24 h the formulations were removed and the corneas extracted. Drug-loaded thin polymeric films, with high clarity and pliability were produced. ROCK inhibitor Y-27,632 was weakly retained within the film, with release attaining equilibrium after 1 h. This in turn facilitated its rapid ocular delivery, and an approximately three-fold greater penetration of Y-27,632 into cryoprobe-treated corneas was observed from the thin film (p < 0.01) compared to eyedrop. These findings support the further development of ROCK inhibitor delivery to the cornea via release from thin mucoadhesive films to treat vision loss cause by corneal endothelial dysfunction
Current trends and practices in the use of imprisonment
This article charts the rapid rise in the use of imprisonment in recent decades before considering some of the most pressing issues of concern in the use of imprisonment today. First among these is prison overcrowding, which continues to blight the record of many countries in their treatment of prisoners. To illustrate the potentially dire consequences of overcrowding – a problem common to many other countries and regions – an account is given of a recent visit to a prison in El Salvador. The article then provides an overview of the relevant regional and international standards on the treatment of prisoners, referring also to the role of judicial bodies in ensuring implementation
The sum-product problem for small sets
For , let and . For , let denote the minimum value of
over all with . Here we
establish for , the case achieved for
example by , while for , the case
achieved for example by . For , we
provide two proofs using different applications of Freiman's theorem;
one of the proofs includes extensive case analysis on the product sets of
-element subsets of -term arithmetic progressions. For , we
apply Freiman's theorem for product sets, and investigate the sumset of
the union of two geometric progressions with the same common ratio , with
separate treatments of the overlapping cases and .Comment: 10 pages, 1 table, 4 figure
Childhood- versus Adolescent-Onset Antisocial Youth with Conduct Disorder: Psychiatric Illness, Neuropsychological and Psychosocial Function
The present study investigates whether youths with childhood-onset antisocial behavior have higher rates of psychiatric illness, neuropsychological and psychosocial dysfunction than youths who engage in antisocial behavior for the first time in adolescence. Prior studies have generally focused on single domains of function in heterogeneous samples. The present study also examined the extent to which adolescent-onset antisocial behavior can be considered normative, an assumption of Moffitt's dual taxonomy model.Forty-three subjects (34 males, 9 females, mean age = 15.31, age range 12-21) with a diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD) were recruited through Headspace Services and the Juvenile Justice Community Centre. We compared childhood-onset antisocial youths (n = 23) with adolescent-onset antisocial youths (n = 20) with a conduct disorder, across a battery of psychiatric, neuropsychological and psychosocial measures. Neuropsychological function of both groups was also compared with normative scores from control samples.The childhood-onset group displayed deficits in verbal learning and memory, higher rates of psychosis, childhood maltreatment and more serious violent behavior, all effects associated with a large effect size. Both groups had impaired executive function, falling within the extremely low range (severely impaired).Childhood-onset CD displayed greater cognitive impairment, more psychiatric symptoms and committed more serious violent offences. The finding of severe executive impairment in both childhood- and adolescent-onset groupings challenges the assumption that adolescent-onset antisocial behavior is a normative process
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