Accelerated spreading of inviscid droplets prompted by the yielding of strongly elastic interfacial films

The complexity associated with droplets spreading on surfaces has attracted significant interest for several decades. Sustained activity results from the many natural and manufactured systems that are reliant on droplet-substrate interactions and spreading. Interfacial shear rheology and its influence on the dynamics of droplet spreading has to date received little attention. In the current study, saponin β-aescin was used as an interfacial shear rheology modifier, partitioning at the air-water interface to form a strongly elastic interface (G’/G” ∼ 6) within 1 min aging. The droplet spreading dynamics of Newtonian (water, 5 wt% ethanol, 0.0015 wt% N-dodecyl β-D-glucopyranoside) and non-Newtonian (xanthan gum) fluids were shown to proceed with a time-dependent power-law dependence of ∼0.50 and ∼0.10 (Tanner’s law) in the inertial and viscous regimes of spreading, respectively. However, water droplets stabilized by saponin β-aescin were shown to accelerate droplet spreading in the inertial regime with a depreciating time-dependent power-law of 1.05 and 0.61, eventually exhibiting a power-law dependence of ∼ 0.10 in the viscous regime of spreading. The accelerated rate of spreading is attributed to the potential energy as the interfacial film yields as well as relaxation of the crumpled interfacial film during spreading. Even though the strongly elastic film ruptures to promote droplet spreading, interfacial elasticity is retained enhancing the dampening of droplet oscillations following detachment from the dispensing capillary

Andrew Graydon to Mary Ellen Graydon Sharpe

Graydon says that if they stay in their current location for the summer they will have to have a picnic and invite some of the young ladies of Indianapolis down to see them.Graydon Sharpe, Mary Ellen1860s (1860-1869)Gallatin (Tenn.)600ppiCivil War Home FrontDC045This Civil War Home Front collection was funded by LSTA

An investigation of anion binding by acyclic metal-centred receptors

This thesis reflects two main aims. Firstly, the synthesis and characterisation of a number of potential anion receptors was undertaken and their anion binding properties were assessed. In so doing, a second aim was fulfilled, namely a comparison of the various methods of detecting the bound anion, and quantifying the binding strength. Four techniques appear in this thesis; 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, UV-visible spectroscopy, electrochemistry and luminescent emission. Quantitative titrations were performed and, where possible, stability constants estimated.Chapter One provides an introduction to some of the themes of molecular recognition and provides a brief overview of the literature associated with anion recognition. A Prologue describes the design of the receptors studied; they all incorporate a metal centre and appended amide groups which provide sources of hydrogen bonding. The molecules are mostly cationic and a combination of positive charge and hydrogen bonding constitutes the binding interaction.Chapter Two is concerned with receptors based on cobalticinium, [Cp2Co] + . A number of receptors are presented and are found to bind anions with stability constants typically in the range of 500-1000 dm3mol-1 . Receptors involving more than one cobalticinium centre are found to bind much more strongly and, furthermore, variations in functional groups appended close to the proposed coordination site impart selectivity; dihydrogen phosphate is bound more strongly than chloride. It is also found that different techniques give different stability constants and comment is made on this phenomenon.Chapter Three examines the role of positive charge in anion binding and describes the synthesis and coordination properties of several neutral receptors. These molecules retain hydrogen bonding sites, and it is found that this is sufficient to bind anions, but the strength of the interaction is greatly reduced.Chapter Four introduces another system, based on RuL(bpy)22+ , where L is a 4,4'-amide disubstituted bpy. The strength of binding is an order of magnitude greater than the cobalticinium systems as detected by several methods including emission studies, which are very sensitive. Comparison with a neutral, rhenium-based receptor is made. A dihydrogen phosphate-selective luminescent sensor is also presented.The Epilogue identifies areas for future research. Specialised introductions and summaries are found at the beginning and end of each chapter.</p

41 Thompson and Graydon: MTX on the Internet Personal non-commercial use only

ABSTRACT. Objective. With continuing use of the Internet, rheumatologists are referring patients to various websites to gain information about medications and diseases. Our goal was to develop and evaluate a Medication Website Assessment Tool (MWAT) for use by health professionals, and to explore the overall quality of methotrexate information presented on common English-language websites. Methods. Identification of websites was performed using a search strategy on the search engine Google. The first 250 hits were screened. Inclusion criteria included those English-language websites from authoritative sources, trusted medical, physicians&apos;, and common health-related websites. Websites from pharmaceutical companies, online pharmacies, and where the purpose seemed to be primarily advertisements were also included. Product monographs or technical-based web pages and web pages where the information was clearly directed at patients with cancer were excluded. Two reviewers independently scored each included web page for completeness and accuracy, format, readability, reliability, and credibility. An overall ranking was provided for each methotrexate information page. Results. Twenty-eight web pages were included in the analysis. The average score for completeness and accuracy was 15.48 ± 3.70 (maximum 24) with 10 out of 28 pages scoring 18 (75%) or higher. The average format score was 6.00 ± 1.46 (maximum 8 Accurate communication of information concerning the risks and benefits of medications is important for adherence and patient safety. However, communication between health professionals and patients is inherently problematic. From the perspective of a health professional, a number of barriers exist, including the use of technical terminology, the volume of information to be conveyed, time constraints, and lack of patient familiarity with the information. During conversations with patients, technical terminology is often used because it is precise, familiar, and often because there are no exactly equivalent nontechnical words available 1 . Further, health and medication-related information is unfamiliar to the majority of patients. An overwhelming volume of new information and instructions concerning unfamiliar material makes comprehension much more difficult. As a solution to this problem, healthcare professionals, including rheumatologists, often direct their &quot;Internet-literate&quot; patients to websites to learn about medications such as methotrexate (MTX). However, in a systematic review of studies assessing the quality of health information on the Internet, 70% of the studies concluded that the quality of information on the Internet was a problem 2 . Unfortunately, no standards are required for medication information on the Internet. The goal of our study was to develop and evaluate a Medication Website Assessment Tool (MWAT) and to explore the overall quality of MTX information published on English-language websites. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted in June 2007, at St. Joseph&apos;s Health Centre, an academic teaching hospital affiliated with the Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. Identification of reliable MTX information on the Internet was performed using the search engine Google (http://www.google.com). Google was selected as it is one of the most frequently used search engines and therefore the one most likely to be used by patients when searching for medication related information 3 . The following preference settings were used: interface language: English, search language: English, safe search filtering: moderate, number of results per page: 100 per page. An advanced search strategy was created beginning with the phrase &quot;methotrexate OR Rheumatrex OR Trexall AND information.&quot; Two further iterations of the search strategy were performed with the addition of the word &quot;arthritis&quot; followed by the word &quot;patient.&quot; The first 250 results returned were reviewed by 2 independent reviewers. For the purpose of this report, the term &quot;website&quot; will refer to &quot;a collection of files that are arranged on the World Wide Web under a common address and allows retrieval via a browser&quot; and a &quot;web page&quot; will refer to &quot;an HTML document on the Internet, usually one of many together that make up a website.&quot; Inclusion criteria. The reviewers&apos; initial screening strategy identified those websites from authoritative sources including national medical bodies (i.e., American College of Rheumatology, The Arthritis Society, Arthritis Research Campaign), trusted medical institutions (i.e., Mayo Clinic, Johns Hopkins University), trusted medical sources (i.e., up to date), physicians, and common health-related websites (i.e., WebMD.com, About.com). Websites from pharmaceutical companies, online pharmacies, and where the purpose seemed to be primarily advertisements were reviewed as patients may obtain information from these sources. Only websites written in English were included. Exclusion criteria. Product monographs or technical-based websites with &quot;prescribing information&quot; clearly aimed at healthcare professionals were excluded from the study. Websites where the information was clearly directed at patients with cancer were also excluded due to significant differences in high versus low-dose MTX

An investigation of anion binding by acyclic metal-centred receptors

This thesis reflects two main aims. Firstly, the synthesis and characterisation of a number of potential anion receptors was undertaken and their anion binding properties were assessed. In so doing, a second aim was fulfilled, namely a comparison of the various methods of detecting the bound anion, and quantifying the binding strength. Four techniques appear in this thesis; 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, UV-visible spectroscopy, electrochemistry and luminescent emission. Quantitative titrations were performed and, where possible, stability constants estimated.Chapter One provides an introduction to some of the themes of molecular recognition and provides a brief overview of the literature associated with anion recognition. A Prologue describes the design of the receptors studied; they all incorporate a metal centre and appended amide groups which provide sources of hydrogen bonding. The molecules are mostly cationic and a combination of positive charge and hydrogen bonding constitutes the binding interaction.Chapter Two is concerned with receptors based on cobalticinium, [Cp2Co] + . A number of receptors are presented and are found to bind anions with stability constants typically in the range of 500-1000 dm3mol-1 . Receptors involving more than one cobalticinium centre are found to bind much more strongly and, furthermore, variations in functional groups appended close to the proposed coordination site impart selectivity; dihydrogen phosphate is bound more strongly than chloride. It is also found that different techniques give different stability constants and comment is made on this phenomenon.Chapter Three examines the role of positive charge in anion binding and describes the synthesis and coordination properties of several neutral receptors. These molecules retain hydrogen bonding sites, and it is found that this is sufficient to bind anions, but the strength of the interaction is greatly reduced.Chapter Four introduces another system, based on RuL(bpy)22+ , where L is a 4,4'-amide disubstituted bpy. The strength of binding is an order of magnitude greater than the cobalticinium systems as detected by several methods including emission studies, which are very sensitive. Comparison with a neutral, rhenium-based receptor is made. A dihydrogen phosphate-selective luminescent sensor is also presented.The Epilogue identifies areas for future research. Specialised introductions and summaries are found at the beginning and end of each chapter.</p

Seasonal variation in activity and nearshore habitat use of Lake Trout in a subarctic lake

Abstract Background In lake ecosystems, predatory fish can move and forage across both nearshore and offshore habitats. This coupling of sub-habitats, which is important in stabilizing lake food webs, has largely been assessed from a dietary perspective and has not included movement data. As such, empirical estimates of the seasonal dynamics of these coupling movements by fish are rarely quantified, especially for northern lakes. Here we collect fine-scale fish movement data on Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush), a predatory cold-water fish known to link nearshore and offshore habitats, to test for seasonal drivers of activity, habitat use and diet in a subarctic lake. Methods We used an acoustic telemetry positioning array to track the depth and spatial movements of 43 Lake Trout in a subarctic lake over two years. From these data we estimated seasonal 50% home ranges, movements rates, tail beat activity, depth use, and nearshore habitat use. Additionally, we examined stomach contents to quantify seasonal diet. Data from water temperature and light loggers were used to monitor abiotic lake conditions and compare to telemetry data. Results Lake Trout showed repeatable seasonal patterns of nearshore habitat use that peaked each spring and fall, were lower throughout the long winter, and least in summer when this habitat was above preferred temperatures. Stomach content data showed that Lake Trout acquired the most nearshore prey during the brief spring season, followed by fall, and winter, supporting telemetry results. Activity rates were highest in spring when feeding on invertebrates and least in summer when foraging offshore, presumably on large-bodied prey fish. High rates of nearshore activity in fall were associated with spawning. Nearshore habitat use was widespread and not localized to specific regions of the lake, although there was high overlap of winter nearshore core areas between years. Conclusions We provide empirical demonstrations of the seasonal extent to which a mobile top predator links nearshore and offshore habitats in a subarctic lake. Our findings suggest that the nearshore is an important foraging area for Lake Trout for much of the year, and the role of this zone for feeding should be considered in addition to its traditional importance as spawning habitat

High baseline frequencies of natural killer cells are associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

This study tested the hypothesis that high frequencies of natural killer (NK) cells are protective against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Samples were utilized from the COVID-19 Health Action Response for Marines study, a prospective, observational study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in which participants were enrolled prior to infection and then serially monitored for development of symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. Frequencies and phenotypes of NK cells (CD3−CD14−CD19−CD56+) were assessed by flow cytometry. Individuals that developed asymptomatic infections were found to have higher pre-infection frequencies of total NK cells compared to symptomatic individuals (10.61% [SD 4.5] vs 8.33% [SD 4.6], p = 0.011). Circulating total NK cells decreased over the course of infection, reaching a nadir at 4 weeks, while immature NK cells increased, a finding confirmed by multidimensional reduction analysis. These results indicate that NK cells likely play a key role in controlling the severity of clinical illness in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2