Big Data and "New Surveillance": Is International Regulation Feasible?

The collection and analysis of individuals data by governments and organizations is an area that lacks overarching protection at the international level, there is potential for an international system monitoring the use of Big Data and providing protections against violations of the right to privacy among other human rights laws. This paper outlines the policy background, then analyzes the use of Big Data through case studies of collection of data on LBTQ+ in Russia, and Uyghur Muslims in China’s Xinjiang province. After establishing the potential for abuses and violations of human rights and the right to privacy through unfettered access to personal data, this paper then considers proposed models to assess and protect human rights in this area, and looks at the potential for the development of an international monitoring system. To take steps towards developing an international legal framework of data protection I argue that the use of international norms to create monitoring bodies, and treaty law between nation-states and also international organizations can be utilized to develop such a framework.

Initial spreading of low-viscosity drops on partially wetting surfaces

Liquid drops start spreading directly after brought into contact with a partial wetting substrate. Although this phenomenon involves a three-phase contact line, the spreading motion is very fast. We study the initial spreading dynamics of low-viscosity drops, using two complementary methods: Molecular Dynamics simulations and high-speed imaging. We access previously unexplored length- and time-scales, and provide a detailed picture on how the initial contact between the liquid drop and the solid is established. Both methods unambiguously point towards a spreading regime that is independent of wettability, with the contact radius growing as the square root of time

Bubble formation during the collision of a sessile drop with a meniscus

The impact of a sessile droplet with a moving meniscus, as encountered in processes such as dip-coating, generically leads to the entrapment of small air bubbles. Here we experimentally study this process of bubble formation by looking through the liquid using high-speed imaging. Our central finding is that the size of the entrapped bubble crucially depends on the location where coalescence between the drop and the moving meniscus is initiated: (i) at a finite height above the substrate, or (ii) exactly at the contact line. In the first case, we typically find bubble sizes of the order of a few microns, independent of the size and speed of the impacting drop. By contrast, the bubbles that are formed when coalescence starts at the contact line become increasingly large, as the size or the velocity of the impacting drop is increased. We show how these observations can be explained from a balance between the lubrication pressure in the air layer and the capillary pressure of the drop

Telecommunication carrier selection under volume discounts: a case study.

During 2001 many of the European mobile phone markets have reached saturation, and hence mobile phone operators have shifted their attention from growth and market share to cutting costs. One way of doing so is to reduce spending on international calls which are routed via network operating companies (carriers). These carriers charge per call-minute for each destination and may use a joint business volume discount to price their services. We developed a software system that supports the decision of allocating destinations to carriers. The core of this system is a min-cost flow routine that is embedded in a branch-and-bound framework. Our system not only solves the operational problem to optimality, it is also capable of performing what-if analyses and sensitivity analysis. It has been implemented at a major telecommunication services provider. The main benefits realized are twofold: the business process of allocating carriers to destinations has been structured and the costs arising from routing international calls have significantly decreased.Selection; Case studies; Studies; Markets; Market; Costs; International; Companies; Software; Decision; Framework; Sensitivity; Processes;