Avaliação do papel epidemiológico das Leishmanioses em Comunidades Inseridas em Área de Preservação Ambiental, Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca, Niterói e Maricá, RJ, Brasil

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T16:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) andressa_rodrigues_ioc_dout_2016.pdf: 13331686 bytes, checksum: 863979f7d66a7ea83a35362cb8d69db9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Os municípios de Niterói e Maricá (RJ), a partir dos anos 70, vem sofrendo um processo de impacto ambiental intenso e a ocorrência esporádica de casos humanos e caninos de leishamaniose tegumentar americana tem sido associada com a ocupação humana próximo às encostas da Serra da Tiririca. O Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca (PESET) inserido entre estes dois municípios, área de preservação recentemente criada, representa uma das poucas áreas com resíduos de mata atlântica tão próxima da área urbana. As leishmanioses, doenças com diversas manifestações clínicas, causadas por protozoários flagelados do gênero Leishmania, é transmitida pelos flebotomíneos (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). No Brasil as leishmanioses tegumentar e visceral são, cada vez mais, doenças periurbanas; nesses ambientes, a falta de saneamento e coleta de lixo esporádica ou inexistente favorece e contribui para o aumento dos criadouros dos flebotomíneos, o que aumenta o risco da doença. A pobreza está associada a fatores ecológicos que podem aumentar esse risco, como as condições precárias de moradia, permitindo a entrada dos flebotomíneos e proporcionando locais de repouso durante o dia. Dentro do Projeto Brasil sem Miséria, proposto pelo governo federal, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o papel epidemiológico das leishmanioses, em algumas das comunidades inseridas na área do PESET em Niterói e Maricá, através da pesquisa da fonte alimentar, infecção natural e avaliação dos animais sinantrópicos. Foram realizadas coletas periódicas, no período de junho de 2013 a abril de 2016, em ambiente silvestre e peridomiciliar. Os insetos foram capturados com a utilização de armadilhas luminosas CDC (modelo HP) em 4 áreas diferentes, além das armadilhas utilizadas durante as duas expedições para captura de pequenos mamíferos (estação seca e chuvosa) Para a coleta destes últimos animais, foram utilizadas armadillhas tipo live-trap, dos modelos Tomahawk® e Sherman®, distribuídas em 6 transectos em cada expedição, com 15 estações de captura em cada. Em todo o trabalho foram coletados 4402 flebotomíneos, sendo 2468 machos (56,1%) e 1934 fêmeas (43,9%), de 11 espécies pertencentes a 8 gêneros: Migonemyia migonei (39,85%), Evandromyia tupynambai (21,07%), Micropygomyia schreiberi (16,39%), Brumptomyia cunhai (5,51%), Br. nitzulescui (3,49%), Nyssomyia intermedia (3,24%), Ev. cortelezzii (2,68%), Lutzomyia longipalpis (2,27%), Ev. edwardsi (2%), Ev. spp (1,78%), Br. spp (1,07%), Psathyromyia pelloni (0,41%) e Pintomyia bianchigalatiae (0,22%). Destas, Ev. tupynambai e Mi. schreiberi foram encontradas naturalmente infectadas por Leishmania spp. pelo método molecular de PCR multiplex. No diagnóstico para fonte alimentar, apenas duas espécies de aves foi detectado, Gallus gallus e Cairina moschata (pato do mato). Dentre os pequenos mamíferos, foram capturados 32 exemplares, das seguintes espécies, Trinomys eliasi (31,25%), Didelphis aurita (28,12%), Philander frenatus (18,75%), Metachirus nudicaudatus (6,25%), Trinomys sp. (6,25%) e Oligoryzomys nigripes, Monodelphis gr. americana, Gracilinanus microtarsus com 3,13% cada. Nenhum com registro de infecção por Leishmania sp. Portanto, Ev. tupynambai foi espécie de maior frequência e Mg. migonei a de maior abundância, sugerindo a possibilidade desta ser o principal vetor na localidade; Lu. longipalpis, principal vetor da Leishmania infantum, capturada em maior quantidade agora, sugerindo o início de sua expansão na região; Em Itacoatiara (subsede do PESET), Ev. tupynambai pode ser a espécie mantenedora do ciclo de transmissão da leishmaniose neste ambiente.Since 1970\2019s, Niterói and Maricá municipalities are undergoing a process of intense environmental impact, and the occurrence of sporadic human and canine cases of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis has been associated with human occupation near slopes of Serra da Tiririca. The Serra da Tiririca state park (PESET) is located between both municipalities, is a natural area preserved recently created and represents one of few areas with residual Atlantic forest close to an urban area. The leishmaniasis, diseases with large clinical manifestations, caused by flagellate protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, is transmitted by sandflies, small insects of order Diptera, family Psychodidae and subfamily Phlebotominae. In Brazil, tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis are, increasingly, peri-urban diseases; In these environments, both poor sanitation and rubbish collection support the increase of sand flies breeding sites which consequently increases the risk of the disease. Poverty is associated with ecological factors that can increase risk, such as poor housing conditions (mud walls and cracked walls) that allow entry and provide resting sites during the day for sand flies. Within Brasil sem miséria program, proposed by brazilian federal government, the main goal of this study is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of leishmaniasis in some of the communities located in the area of Serra da Tiririca State Park in Niterói and Maricá, through the research of food source, natural infection and evaluation of synanthropic animals. Periodic collections were carried out, from June 2013 to April 2016, in a wild and peri domiciliary environment The insects were captured using HP light traps (CDC type) in 4 different areas, in addition to the traps used during two expeditions to capture small mammals (dry and rainy season). For the mammals capture, live-trap, Tomahawk® and Sherman® models trap were used, distributed in 6 transects in each expedition, with 15 capture stations in each. A total of 4402 phlebotomines were collected, 2468 males (56.1%) and 1934 females (43.9%), of 11 species of 8 genus: Migonemyia migonei (39.85%), Evandromyia tupynambai (21, 07), Micropygomyia schreiberi (16.39%), Brumptomyia cunhai (5.51%), Br. nitzulescui (3.49%), Nyssomyia intermedia (3.24%), Ev. cortelezzii (2.68%), Lutzomyia longipalpis (2.27%), Ev. edwardsi (2%), Ev. spp (1.78%), Br. spp (1.07%), Psathyromyia pelloni (0.41%) and Pintomyia bianchigalatiae (0.22%). Of these species, Ev. tupynambai and Mi. schreiberi were found naturally infected by Leishmania spp. by the molecular method. In the food source diagnosis, only two bird species were detected, Gallus gallus and Cairina moschata (Muscovy duck). Among the small mammals, 32 specimens of the following species, Trinomys eliasi (31.25%), Didelphis aurita (28.12%), Philander frenatus (18.75%), Metachirus nudicaudatus (6.25%), Trinomys sp. (6.25%) and Oligoryzomys nigripes, Monodelphis gr. americana, Gracilinanus microtarsus with 3.13% each. None infected with Leishmania sp. Therefore, Ev. tupynambai presented higher frequency and Mg migonei was the one of greater abundance, suggesting the possibility of this specie being the main vector in the area; Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of Leishmania infantum, was captured in greater number, suggesting the beginning of its expansion in the region; In Itacoatiara (substation of PESET), Evandromyia tupynambai may be the specie that maintains the transmission cycle of leishmaniasis in this environment

The sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) of the Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro is sporadic and can be characterised as a peridomestic transmission that occurs in modified natural environments. The aim of this work was to study the fauna and ecological characteristics of sandflies in an environmentally protected area (the State Park of Serra da Tiririca) within the remnants of the Atlantic Forest in the municipalities of Niterói and Maricá and their possible relationship with leishmaniasis. Captures were performed using light traps during the night once a month for one year in both sylvatic environments and areas surrounding homes near the park. A total of 1,037 sandflies were captured, belonging to nine genera and 12 species: Evandromyia tupynambai (34.1%), Migonemyia migonei (20.6%), Brumptomyia cunhai (13.8%), Micropygomyia schreiberi (9.7%), Psathyromyia lanei (6.5%), Brumptomyia nitzulescui (5.7%), Evandromyia edwardsi (5.4%), Nyssomyia intermedia (2.8%), Evandromyia cortelezzii (0.6%), Pintomyia bianchigalatiae (0.5%), Lutzomyia longipalpis (0.2%) and Sciopemyia microps (0.1%). Both Mg. migonei and Ny. intermedia may be acting as vectors of CL in this area

The sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) of the Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the state of Rio de Janeiro is sporadic and can be characterised as a peridomestic transmission that occurs in modified natural environments. The aim of this work was to study the fauna and ecological characteristics of sandflies in an environmentally protected area (the State Park of Serra da Tiririca) within the remnants of the Atlantic Forest in the municipalities of Niterói and Maricá and their possible relationship with leishmaniasis. Captures were performed using light traps during the night once a month for one year in both sylvatic environments and areas surrounding homes near the park. A total of 1,037 sandflies were captured, belonging to nine genera and 12 species: Evandromyia tupynambai (34.1%), Migonemyia migonei (20.6%), Brumptomyia cunhai (13.8%), Micropygomyia schreiberi (9.7%), Psathyromyia lanei (6.5%), Brumptomyia nitzulescui (5.7%), Evandromyia edwardsi (5.4%), Nyssomyia intermedia (2.8%), Evandromyia cortelezzii (0.6%), Pintomyia bianchigalatiae (0.5%), Lutzomyia longipalpis (0.2%) and Sciopemyia microps (0.1%). Both Mg. migonei and Ny. intermedia may be acting as vectors of CL in this area

Peridomiciliary colonies of Triatoma vitticeps (Stal, 1859) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in rural areas of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

In Brazil, the colonization of human dwellings by triatomines occurs in areas with native vegetation of the caatinga or cerrado types. In areas of Atlantic forest such as in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, there are no species adapted to live in human habitations. The few autochthonous cases of Chagas disease encountered in Espírito Santo have been attributed to adult specimens of Triatoma vitticeps that invade houses from forest remnants. In recent years, the entomology unit of the Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat has recorded nymphs infected with flagellates similar to Trypanosoma cruzi in rural localities. Entomological surveys were carried out in the residences and outbuildings in which the insects were found, and serological examinations for Chagas disease performed on the inhabitants. Four colonies were found, all associated with nests of opossums (Didelphis aurita), 111 specimens of T. vitticeps, and 159 eggs being collected. All the triatomines presented flagellates in their frass. Mice inoculated with the faeces presented trypomastigotes in the circulating blood and groups of amastigotes in the cardiac muscle fibres. Serological tests performed on the inhabitants were negative for T. cruzi. Even with the intense devastation of the forest in Espírito Santo, there are no indications of change in the sylvatic habits of T. vitticeps. Colonies of this insect associated with opossum nests would indicate an expansion of the sylvatic environment into the peridomicile

SHORT COMMUNICATION- Peridomiciliary colonies of Triatoma vitticeps (Stal, 1859) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) infected with Trypanosoma cruzi in rural areas of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

In Brazil, the colonization of human dwellings by triatomines occurs in areas with native vegetation of the caatinga or cerrado types. In areas of Atlantic forest such as in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, there are no species adapted to live in human habitations. The few autochthonous cases of Chagas disease encountered in Espírito Santo have been attributed to adult specimens of Triatoma vitticeps   that invade houses from forest remnants. In recent years, the entomology unit of the Espírito Santo State Health Secretariat has recorded nymphs infected with flagellates similar to Trypanosoma cruzi   in rural localities. Entomological surveys were carried out in the residences and outbuildings in which the insects were found, and serological examinations for Chagas disease performed on the inhabitants. Four colonies were found, all associated with nests of opossums (Didelphis aurita   ), 111 specimens of T. vitticeps, and 159 eggs being collected. All the triatomines presented flagellates in their frass. Mice inoculated with the faeces presented trypomastigotes in the circulating blood and groups of amastigotes in the cardiac muscle fibres. Serological tests performed on the inhabitants were negative for T. cruzi. Even with the intense devastation of the forest in Espírito Santo, there are no indications of change in the sylvatic habits of T. vitticeps. Colonies of this insect associated with opossum nests would indicate an expansion of the sylvatic environment into the peridomicile

DNA Barcoding of Neotropical Sand Flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae): Species Identification and Discovery within Brazil

<div><p>DNA barcoding has been an effective tool for species identification in several animal groups. Here, we used DNA barcoding to discriminate between 47 morphologically distinct species of Brazilian sand flies. DNA barcodes correctly identified approximately 90% of the sampled taxa (42 morphologically distinct species) using clustering based on neighbor-joining distance, of which four species showed comparatively higher maximum values of divergence (range 4.23–19.04%), indicating cryptic diversity. The DNA barcodes also corroborated the resurrection of two species within the shannoni complex and provided an efficient tool to differentiate between morphologically indistinguishable females of closely related species. Taken together, our results validate the effectiveness of DNA barcoding for species identification and the discovery of cryptic diversity in sand flies from Brazil.</p></div

Map showing the sampling sites across the Brazilian territory.

<p>(1) Cáceres. (2) Lagoa Santa. (3) Wenceslau Guimarães. (4) Bom Jesus do Itabapoana. (5) Afonso Cláudio. (6) Alfredo Chaves. (7) Alto Rio Novo. (8) Baixo Guandu. (9) Domingos Martins. (10) Ibitirama. (11) Itaguaçu. (12) Iúna. (13) João Neiva. (14) Manenópolis. (15) Marilândia. (16) Pancas. (17) Santa Leopoldina. (18) Santa Maria de Jetibá. (19) Santa Teresa.</p

Neighbor-joining tree of <i>COI</i> sequence divergences (K2P) obtained from 567 specimens of sand flies analyzed.

<p>Numbers next to the branches indicate Bootstrap percentages ≥80%. One black dash indicates groups partitioned by ABGD using the value of 2.15%. One white dash indicates the groups partitioned by ABGD using the cut-off of 1.29%. Two thin black dashes indicated groups that were not recognized by the ABGD partitions. The number of specimens is indicated behind each species name. PS1, PS2, and PS3 represent distinct groups that are hypothesized to represent provisional species.</p