Upwelling events, coastal offshore exchange, links to biogeochemical processes - Highlights from the Baltic Sea Sciences Congress at Rostock University, Germany, 19-22 March 2007

The Baltic Sea Science Congress was held at Rostock University, Germany, from 19 to 22 March 2007. In the session entitled"Upwelling events, coastal offshore exchange, links to biogeochemical processes" 20 presentations were given,including 7 talks and 13 posters related to the theme of the session.This paper summarises new findings of the upwelling-related studies reported in the session. It deals with investigationsbased on the use of in situ and remote sensing measurements as well as numerical modelling tools. The biogeochemicalimplications of upwelling are also discussed.Our knowledge of the fine structure and dynamic considerations of upwelling has increased in recent decades with the advent ofhigh-resolution modern measurement techniques and modelling studies. The forcing and the overall structure, duration and intensity ofupwelling events are understood quite well. However, the quantification of related transports and the contribution to the overall mixingof upwelling requires further research. Furthermore, our knowledge of the links between upwelling and biogeochemical processes is stillincomplete. Numerical modelling has advanced to the extent that horizontal resolutions of c. 0.5 nautical miles can now be applied,which allows the complete spectrum of meso-scale features to be described. Even the development of filaments can be describedrealistically in comparison with high-resolution satellite data.But the effect of upwelling at a basin scale and possible changes under changing climatic conditions remain open questions

The methods of manufacturing and characteristics of muffs of engine bowls out of pearlite cast iron with vermicular graphite for heavy-load dump trucks

In the article there are given the methods of manufacturing of muffs of engine bowls out of pearlite cast iron with vermicular graphite for heavy-load dump trucks

Evaluation and Tuning of Model Trajectories and Spreading Rates in the Baltic Sea Using Surface Drifter Observations

Results from experiments with surface drifters in the Baltic Sea in 2010–2011 are presented and discussed. In a first experiment, 12 SVP-B (Surface Velocity Program, with Barometer) drifters with a drogue at 12–18 m depth were deployed in the Baltic Sea. In a second experiment, shallow drifters extending to a depth of 1.5 m were deployed in the Gulf of Finland. Results from the SVP-B drifter experiment are compared to results from a regional ocean model and a trajectory code. Differences between the observed SVP-B drifters and simulated drifters are found for absolute dispersion (i.e., squared displacement from initial position) and relative dispersion (i.e., squared distance between two initially paired drifters). The former is somewhat underestimated since the simulated currents are neither as fast nor as variable as those observed. The latter is underestimated both due to the above-mentioned reasons and due to the resolution of the ocean model. For the shallower drifters, spreading in the upper 1–2 m of the Gulf of Finland is investigated. The spreading rate is about 200 m/day for separations <0.5 km, 500 m/day for separations below 1 km and in the range of 0.5–3 km/day for separations in the range of 1–4 km. The spreading rate does not follow Richardson’s law. The initial spreading, up to a distance of about d=100–150 m, is governed by the power law d∼t 0.27 whereas for larger separations the distance increases as d∼t2.5.BalticWa