Betesskador på lärkplantor

The purpose of this study was to show how the Hybrid Larch (Larix eurolepis x) are used by large herbivores in terms of grazing and fraying. More specifically I studied how impact on the seedlings was affected by forest stand area, tree height and stem density (stems/ha).The survey was done in Jönköpings county in southern Sweden. About 50 % of all stems that are measured are damaged by grazing and 5,8 % was damaged from fraying. The conclusion of the study is that the biggest influencing factor is the height of the seedlings. The size of the stands and number off seedlings per hectare have almost no impact on the injuries on the seedlings. Fraying are common on trees smaller than 3 meters, and doesn’t occur on trees above that height. That can depend on the size of the branches on the lower part of the tree. In comparison with grazing damages on pine, in the ÄBIN survey, Larch has almost 10 times more damages. Keywords: Larch, Roe deer, Moose, Grazing, Forest damage, Frayin

Strain engineering for controlled growth of thin-film FeNi L10

FeNi thin films in the L1(0) phase were successfully grown by magnetron sputtering on HF-etched Si(001) substrates on Cu/Cu100-xNix buffers. The strain of the FeNi layer, (c/a)(FeNi), was varied in a controlled manner by changing the Ni content of the Cu100-xNix buffer layer from x = 0 at.% to x = 90 at.%, which influenced the common in- plane lattice parameter of the CuNi and FeNi layers. The presence of the L1(0) phase was confirmed by resonant x-ray diffraction measurements at various positions in reciprocal space. The uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy K-U is observed to be smaller (around 0.35 MJ m(-3)) than predicted for a perfect FeNi L1(0) sample, but it is larger than for previously studied films. No notable variation in K-U with strain state (c/a)(FeNi) is observed in the range achieved (0.99 less than or similar to (c/a)(FeNi) less than or similar to 1.02), which is in agreement with theoretical predictions

Steady-State Heat Transport and Work With a Single Artificial Atom Coupled to a Waveguide: Emission Without External Driving

We observe the continuous emission of photons into a waveguide from a superconducting qubit without the application of an external drive. To explain this counterintuitive observation, we build a two-bath model where the qubit couples simultaneously to a cold bath (the waveguide) and a hot bath (a secondary environment). Our results show that the thermal-photon occupation of the hot bath is up to 0.14 photons, 35 times larger than the cold waveguide, leading to nonequilibrium heat transport with a power of up to 132 zW, as estimated from the qubit emission spectrum. By adding more isolation between the sample output and the first cold amplifier in the output line, the heat transport is strongly suppressed. Our interpretation is that the hot bath may arise from active two-level systems being excited by noise from the output line, and that the qubit coherence can be improved significantly by suppressing this noise. We also apply a coherent drive, and use the waveguide to measure thermodynamic work and heat, suggesting waveguide spectroscopy is a useful means to study quantum heat engines and refrigerators. Finally, based on the theoretical model, we propose how a similar setup can be used as a noise spectrometer which provides a solution for calibrating the background noise of hybrid quantum systems

Glancing-angle deposition of magnetic in-plane exchange springs

Magnetic exchange springs (ESs) are composed of exchange-coupled hard and soft magnetic layers, i.e., layers with high and low anisotropy, respectively. The moments in the soft layer can be wound up by applying an external field, which has to be smaller than the anisotropy field of the hard layer. Alternatively, an ES can be realized by biasing the soft magnetic layer by two adjacent hard magnetic layers with different magnetic anisotropy directions. We have fabricated an ES layer stack by magnetron sputter deposition. As the hard magnetic bottom layer, we used epitaxial FePt L10, and as the top layer Co with both layers having different in-plane easy axes. These hard layers pin the moments of a soft permalloy (Ni81Fe19) layer sandwiched between them, winding up an ES at remanence. The anisotropy of the polycrystalline top Co layer was engineered by glancing-angle deposition to have in-plane easy axis anisotropy perpendicular to the easy direction of the bottom layer. Using soft x-ray spectroscopy and magneto-optical measurements, we found the in-plane ES to extend from the soft layer into the top layer of our FePt/permalloy/Co trilayer structure

Engineering the Level Structure of a Giant Artificial Atom in Waveguide Quantum Electrodynamics

Engineering light-matter interactions at the quantum level has been central to the pursuit of quantum optics for decades. Traditionally, this has been done by coupling emitters, typically natural atoms and ions, to quantized electromagnetic fields in optical and microwave cavities. In these systems, the emitter is approximated as an idealized dipole, as its physical size is orders of magnitude smaller than the wavelength of light. Recently, artificial atoms made from superconducting circuits have enabled new frontiers in light-matter coupling, including the study of "giant" atoms which cannot be approximated as simple dipoles. Here, we explore a new implementation of a giant artificial atom, formed from a transmon qubit coupled to propagating microwaves at multiple points along an open transmission line. The nature of this coupling allows the qubit radiation field to interfere with itself leading to some striking giant-atom effects. For instance, we observe strong frequency-dependent couplings of the qubit energy levels to the electromagnetic modes of the transmission line. Combined with the ability to in situ tune the qubit energy levels, we show that we can modify the relative coupling rates of multiple qubit transitions by more than an order of magnitude. By doing so, we engineer a metastable excited state, allowing us to operate the giant transmon as an effective lambda system where we clearly demonstrate electromagnetically induced transparency.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figure

Characterizing decoherence rates of a superconducting qubit by direct microwave scattering

We experimentally investigate a superconducting qubit coupled to the end of an open transmission line, in a regime where the qubit decay rates to the transmission line and to its own environment are comparable. We perform measurements of coherent and incoherent scattering, on- and off-resonant fluorescence, and time-resolved dynamics to determine the decay and decoherence rates of the qubit. In particular, these measurements let us discriminate between non-radiative decay and pure dephasing. We combine and contrast results across all methods and find consistent values for the extracted rates. The results show that the pure dephasing rate is one order of magnitude smaller than the non-radiative decay rate for our qubit. Our results indicate a pathway to benchmark decoherence rates of superconducting qubits in a resonator-free setting

Обзор и сравнение программных аналогов для автоматизации деятельности эвент-агентства

В статье представлено описание документооборота и функциональной модели деятельности эвент-агентства. Выявлены функции будущей информационной системы, входная и выходная информация.The article describes the document flow and functional model of the event agency. The functions of the future information system, input and output information have been identified

Multimodal human thymic profiling reveals trajectories and cellular milieu for T agonist selection

To prevent autoimmunity, thymocytes expressing self-reactive T cell receptors (TCRs) are negatively selected, however, divergence into tolerogenic, agonist selected lineages represent an alternative fate. As thymocyte development, selection, and lineage choices are dependent on spatial context and cell-to-cell interactions, we have performed Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) and spatial transcriptomics on paediatric human thymu​​s. Thymocytes expressing markers of strong TCR signalling diverged from the conventional developmental trajectory prior to CD4+ or CD8+ lineage commitment, while markers of different agonist selected T cell populations (CD8αα(I), CD8αα(II), T(agonist), Treg(diff), and Treg) exhibited variable timing of induction. Expression profiles of chemokines and co-stimulatory molecules, together with spatial localisation, supported that dendritic cells, B cells, and stromal cells contribute to agonist selection, with different subsets influencing thymocytes at specific developmental stages within distinct spatial niches. Understanding factors influencing agonist T cells is needed to benefit from their immunoregulatory effects in clinical use