Analysis of the Component- and Control System Application of a Hydropower- and PV Based DC Microgrid Designed for Electrifying Land-Based Industries in Norway

The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate reports that a significant share of Norway’s greenhouse gas emissions originates from burning fossil fuelsin the land-based industry. Although some electrification and energy cuts have been initiated, the current technology for further electrification, particularly chemical industries, is classified as “immature”. The electrification development of such industries is recognized as a critical step in reducing Norway’s land-based industry’s carbon footprint. However, this requires considerable investments in the public grid. Intending to address this, the thesis attains the NWA concept by proposing a hydropower- and PV based DC microgrid structure using hybrid energy storage. The software MATLAB Simulink is used to design, model, and simulate the microgrid. The model covers a 100 kW PV system, an 85 kVA rated salient pole synchronous generator and an energy storage system incorporating either exclusively a battery system or in conjunction with a supercapacitor system. This system undertakes three modes of operation, simulated for two different load cases with different demand responses. The goal is to determine a control system- and component applications that satisfy a predetermined stability requirement while sharing out the power contributions to saturate the load demand. For the first two modes of operation, the DC bus is controlled by the HES system, whereas the generator operates first with constant rotation and field voltage, and then with an excitation system. In the third mode of operation, the DC bus is controlled by the generator system, while the battery system is tasked with saturating the remaining load demand. The thesis concludes that the proposed system shows promising characteristics for electrifying land-based industry, and the obtained robustness in the control system is satisfactory for selected component applications. Moreover, the system can somewhat attain the NWA concept, although the obstacle of safeguarding energy storage capacity must be overcome to practically implement it

Multilayer NIR reflective coatings on transparent plastic substrates from photopolymerizable nanoparticulate sols

A new synthesis and processing route for preparing multilayer interference coatings on plastic substrates has been developed. For this purpose, alcoholic sols of surface modified (3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, GPTS) SiO2 and TiO2 particles with sizes of 10 and 4 nm, respectively, were synthesized. Layers were prepared by dip coating, subsequent UV curing (2.1 J/cm(2)) acid thermal post treatment at 80 degrees C for 15 min. Refractive indices of n(D) = 1.47 for SiO2 layers and n(D) = 1.93 for TiO2 were measured. As an example, plastic sheets were coated by angle dependent dip coating with withdrawal speeds from 3 up to 6 mm/s and sin inclination angle of 4 degrees. By this way, one side of the substrate was coated with six quarterwave thick layers (peak wavelength at 750 nm), producing a reflective interference filter with a reflectivity of 72% between 650 and 900 nm. On the other side of the substrate, an interference filter with a reflectivity of 66% between 800 and 1100 nm was produced simultaneously. The interference coatings do nor show delamination or defects after boiling water test (H2O + 5 wt.% NaCl, 8 h) and excellent adhesion (GT 0, TT 1) was obtained in the cross cut tape test. Yellowing did not occur (Delta(g) < 3) and the mechanical properties of the interference filters were not altered after dry sun test at 760 W/m(2) for 270 h. For mechanical protection a nanocomposite hardcoat can be applied on top of the NIR reflectance filters without changing the optical properties remarkably

Analysis of the Component- and Control System Application of a Hydropower- and PV Based DC Microgrid Designed for Electrifying Land-Based Industries in Norway

The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate reports that a significant share of Norway’s greenhouse gas emissions originates from burning fossil fuelsin the land-based industry. Although some electrification and energy cuts have been initiated, the current technology for further electrification, particularly chemical industries, is classified as “immature”. The electrification development of such industries is recognized as a critical step in reducing Norway’s land-based industry’s carbon footprint. However, this requires considerable investments in the public grid. Intending to address this, the thesis attains the NWA concept by proposing a hydropower- and PV based DC microgrid structure using hybrid energy storage. The software MATLAB Simulink is used to design, model, and simulate the microgrid. The model covers a 100 kW PV system, an 85 kVA rated salient pole synchronous generator and an energy storage system incorporating either exclusively a battery system or in conjunction with a supercapacitor system. This system undertakes three modes of operation, simulated for two different load cases with different demand responses. The goal is to determine a control system- and component applications that satisfy a predetermined stability requirement while sharing out the power contributions to saturate the load demand. For the first two modes of operation, the DC bus is controlled by the HES system, whereas the generator operates first with constant rotation and field voltage, and then with an excitation system. In the third mode of operation, the DC bus is controlled by the generator system, while the battery system is tasked with saturating the remaining load demand. The thesis concludes that the proposed system shows promising characteristics for electrifying land-based industry, and the obtained robustness in the control system is satisfactory for selected component applications. Moreover, the system can somewhat attain the NWA concept, although the obstacle of safeguarding energy storage capacity must be overcome to practically implement it

Multilayer NIR reflective coatings on transparent plastic substrates from photopolymerizable nanoparticulate sols

A new synthesis and processing route for preparing multilayer interference coatings on plastic substrates has been developed. For this purpose, alcoholic sols of surface modified (3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, GPTS) SiO2 and TiO2 particles with sizes of 10 and 4 nm, respectively, were synthesized. Layers were prepared by dip coating, subsequent UV curing (2.1 J/cm(2)) acid thermal post treatment at 80 degrees C for 15 min. Refractive indices of n(D) = 1.47 for SiO2 layers and n(D) = 1.93 for TiO2 were measured. As an example, plastic sheets were coated by angle dependent dip coating with withdrawal speeds from 3 up to 6 mm/s and sin inclination angle of 4 degrees. By this way, one side of the substrate was coated with six quarterwave thick layers (peak wavelength at 750 nm), producing a reflective interference filter with a reflectivity of 72% between 650 and 900 nm. On the other side of the substrate, an interference filter with a reflectivity of 66% between 800 and 1100 nm was produced simultaneously. The interference coatings do nor show delamination or defects after boiling water test (H2O + 5 wt.% NaCl, 8 h) and excellent adhesion (GT 0, TT 1) was obtained in the cross cut tape test. Yellowing did not occur (Delta(g) < 3) and the mechanical properties of the interference filters were not altered after dry sun test at 760 W/m(2) for 270 h. For mechanical protection a nanocomposite hardcoat can be applied on top of the NIR reflectance filters without changing the optical properties remarkably

Процесс получения дисперсных материалов с наноразмерными фазами электрохимическим окислением меди и алюминия с использованием переменного тока и его аппаратурное обеспечение: автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук: спец. 05.17.08

A method of wet chemical synthesis suitable for high throughput and combinatorial applications has been developed for the synthesis of porous resistive thick-film gas sensors. This method is based on the robot-controlled application of unstable metal oxide suspensions on an array of 64 inter-digital electrodes positioned on an Al2O3 substrate. SnO2, WO3, ZrO2, TiO2, CeO2, In2O3 and Bi2O3 were chosen as base oxides, and were optimised by doping or mixed oxide formation. The parallel synthesis of mixed oxide sensors is illustrated by representative examples. The electrical characteristics and the sensor performance of the films were measured by high-throughput impedance spectroscopy while supplying various test gases (H2, CO, NO, NO2, propene). Data collection, data mining techniques applied and the best potential sensor materials discovered are presented

Multilayer NIR reflective coatings on transparent plastic substrates from photopolymerizable nanoparticulate sols

A new synthesis and processing route for preparing multilayer interference coatings on plastic substrates has been developed. For this purpose, alcoholic sols of surface modified (3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, GPTS) SiO2 and TiO2 particles with sizes of 10 and 4 nm, respectively, were synthesized. Layers were prepared by dip coating, subsequent UV curing (2.1 J/cm(2)) acid thermal post treatment at 80 degrees C for 15 min. Refractive indices of n(D) = 1.47 for SiO2 layers and n(D) = 1.93 for TiO2 were measured. As an example, plastic sheets were coated by angle dependent dip coating with withdrawal speeds from 3 up to 6 mm/s and sin inclination angle of 4 degrees. By this way, one side of the substrate was coated with six quarterwave thick layers (peak wavelength at 750 nm), producing a reflective interference filter with a reflectivity of 72% between 650 and 900 nm. On the other side of the substrate, an interference filter with a reflectivity of 66% between 800 and 1100 nm was produced simultaneously. The interference coatings do nor show delamination or defects after boiling water test (H2O + 5 wt.% NaCl, 8 h) and excellent adhesion (GT 0, TT 1) was obtained in the cross cut tape test. Yellowing did not occur (Delta(g) < 3) and the mechanical properties of the interference filters were not altered after dry sun test at 760 W/m(2) for 270 h. For mechanical protection a nanocomposite hardcoat can be applied on top of the NIR reflectance filters without changing the optical properties remarkably