Propuesta para intervenir el problema en salud publica en niños menores de 5 años por enfermedad diarreica aguda en la comunidad wounaan del departamento del Chocò.

Chocó, es uno de los treinta y dos departamentos que forman la República de Colombia. Está localizado en el noroeste del país, en la región del Pacífico colombiano. Comprende las selvas del Darién y las cuencas de los ríos Atrato y San Juan. Su capital es Quibdó. Es el único departamento de Colombia con costas en los océanos Pacífico y Atlántico y único limítrofe con Panamá; comprende la mitad del litoral nacional en el océano Pacífico: la extensión del país, conformado por 30 Municipios distribuidos en cinco regiones, denominadas: Atrato, San Juan, Pacífico Norte, Pacífico Sur y Darién. En su mayor parte está ocupado por selva ecuatorial, principalmente la del Darién, que hace de límite natural con Panamá y la división entre América del Sur y América Central. En el municipio de Istmina se encuentra la etnia Wounaan, la comunidad ha venido presentado un brote de enfermedad diarreica aguda principalmente en niños menores de 5 años, lo cual se presenta por sus condiciones de vulnerabilidad, por lo cual diseñamos una propuesta y actividades de intervención en salud pública para mejorar la calidad de vida de los niños menores de 5años y disminuir el riesgo de contraer la enfermedad.Chocó is one of the thirty-two departments that make up the Republic of Colombia. It is located in the northwest of the country, in the Colombian Pacific region. It includes the Darien jungles and the basins of the Atrato and San Juan rivers. Its capital is Quibdó. It is the only department in Colombia with coasts in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and the only border with Panama; It comprises half of the national coastline in the Pacific Ocean: the extension of the country, made up of 30 Municipalities distributed in five regions, called: Atrato, San Juan, North Pacific, South Pacific and Darién. For the most part it is occupied by the equatorial jungle, mainly the Darien jungle, which is the natural border with Panama and the division between South America and Central America. In the municipality of Istmina is the Wounaan ethnic group, the community has been presenting an outbreak of acute diarrheal disease mainly in children under 5 years of age, which is due to their vulnerable conditions, for which we designed a proposal and intervention activities in public health to improve the quality of life of children under 5 years of age and reduce the risk of contracting the disease

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD PARA LA CREACION DE LA EMPRESA CURTIEMBRES JASAN LTDA.

Esta clase de estudio empresarial busca estimular a los estudiantes para que se involucre en la creación de nuevas empresas, para lograr el desarrollo económico y social de la región a través de la generación de nuevos empleos y oportunidades de superación. Por ella esta desarrollando este proyecto que busca conocer que factibilidad tiene la creación de una empresa de curtiembres en el Norte de Santander. Con el estudio de mercados se busca definir los conceptos que muestra en gran parte el comportamiento del consumidor ante las perspectivas que encuentran en el mercado. La estructura organizacional relaciona todos los aspectos para construir la empresa como son: la razón social, la misión, visión, logotipo, la organización jurídica y el manual de funciones; todo este contribuye a que la empresa funcione en condiciones normales. La realización la este proyecto servirá como guía e instrumento para llevar a cabo el desenvolvimiento de una nueva empresa sólida y con visión clara de los mecanismos a utilizar. La industria de curtido de pieles es una actividad estrechamente ligada a dos importantes sectores productivos del país, la industria del calzado y marroquinería, y el sacrificio de animales especialmente bovinos. Para el primero contribuye su principal proveedor de materia prima; en cambio para el segundo, es un importante cliente para su subproducto piel. Desde el punto de vista ambiental las curtiembres siempre han sido catalogadas como altamente contaminante, sin tener en cuenta que aprovecha un subproducto Putrescibles y de biodegradación lenta: la piel. El proceso de curtido genera una importante carga de contaminante; sin embargo tomando las medidas y precauciones necesarias, esto puede contrarrestarse adecuadamente. Al final los diferentes estudios de mercadeo, organizacional, técnico y financiero se concluye que la creación Curtiembre del Norte, es un proyecto factible

Morningness-eveningness in a large sample of German adolescents and adults

People differ in their sleep-wake behavior. This individual difference is conceptualized in different aspects, such as wake up times, bed times, times of peak performance, as well as in morning affect. A total of 14,987 visitors of an exhibition in the LWL State Museum of Natural History, Münster (Germany), did the survey on chronotype and gave their consent that these data can be used for a scientific study. Age groups were coded into 5-year bins. Mean age (mean ± SD) was 28.2 ± 17.5 years. There were 8075 females (54%) and 6912 males in the sample. The German version of the rMEQ (reduced Morningness-Eveningness-Questionnaire) was used for data collection. The data showed clear age effects. Younger children are more morning oriented and become rapidly evening oriented during puberty, while the more attenuated turn towards morningness occurs from the age of 20 years. Then between the ages 25 to 30 morningness-eveningness remained rather stable. Significant gender differences existed in the reproductive age, i.e., the age groups 20 to 50 (corresponding to the age 16–50 years). In other age groups, no gender differences could be detected. Seasonal effects were also found. Chronotype score was lowest during the summer months (and more evening oriented). Based on the single item analysis of the five questions of the rMEQ, we found age group differences in all items. Gender differences occurred in all items except item 1, which deals with the preferred wake-up time. Men always scored significantly lower (i.e. more evening oriented) than women except in item 2 (tiredness after awakening). Seasonal effects were only significant in item 3, which is related to preferred bed times. People showed a later bed time preference during summer. The classification of chronotypes according to the cut-off scores provided by Adan and Almirall (1991) and by using the 20/80 percentile provided identical cut-off scores (values of 11 and below for evening types and 18 and above for morning types)

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN