Perspectivas cooperativas entre academia e conservadores na caracterização ambiental para a conservação preventiva de bens culturais

O presente trabalho procura refletir sobre a questão da caraterização ambiental como ferramenta imprescindível na conservação preventiva do patrimônio cultural material, considerando em particular a atuação da academia no processo de introdução ou consolidação de práticas dessa natureza em instituições que têm como missão a preservação de acervos. Em particular, serão apresentadas algumas experiências significativas dessa atuação surgidas nos últimos anos por iniciativa de grupos da Universidade de São Paulo, tanto na esfera da pesquisa e do desenvolvimento de soluções inovadoras como no âmbito de ações de extensão universitária voltadas para a capacitação de conservadores e a disseminação de conhecimentos técnico-científicos.The present paper aims to reflect on the subject of environmental characterisation as an indispensable tool for the preventive conservation of tangible cultural heritage, taking into account the role of academy in the process of introduction or consolidation of such practices in institutions devoted to the preservation of collections. In particular, exemplary experiences arisen within the University of São Paulo (Brazil) will be presented. These encompass cases of research and development of innovative solutions as well as actions directed to the training of conservators and the dissemination of technical scientific knowledge

Gestión Ambiental en la Escuela de Artes, Ciencias y Humanidades: el grado, la disciplina y el profesional

En este artículo presentamos el curso de Gestión Ambiental en la Escuela de Artes, Ciencias y Humanidades en su contexto institucional, características del curso, sus alumnos y gestores ambientales. Los resultados integran datos organizados por becarios en diversos proyectos de investigación y muestran que el gestor ambiental es un ciudadano crítico que ingresa al curso creyendo en su potencial para transformar el mundo. Las áreas de interés y desempeño profesional tienden a permanecer en la trayectoria académica, desde la admisión, e incluyen diferentes temáticas en instituciones públicas, privadas o de interés social. Esto está en línea con el gestor ambiental idealizado en el Proyecto Político Pedagógico de la asignatura, y muestra la necesidad de una formación interdisciplinaria para actuar en la gestión ambiental considerando la complejidad del origen, estudio de impactos y soluciones a los problemas ambientales. A pesar de las dificultades relacionadas con el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y las cuestiones personales que llevan a algunos a abandonar el curso, el gestor ambiental empieza a valorarlos como retos superados y aprendizajes importantes o necesarios.  Neste artigo apresentamos o curso de Gestão Ambiental da Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades em seu contexto institucional, características do curso, seus estudantes e dos gestores ambientais. Os resultados integram dados organizados por bolsistas em diversos projetos de pesquisa e mostram que o gestor ambiental é cidadão crítico que ingressa no curso acreditando em seu potencial de transformar o mundo. As áreas de interesse e atuação profissional tendem a se manter no percurso acadêmico, desde o ingresso, e incluem temas diversos em instituições públicas, privadas ou de interesse social. Isso se alinha ao gestor ambiental idealizado no Projeto Político Pedagógico do curso, e mostra a necessidade da formação interdisciplinar para atuar na gestão ambiental considerando a complexidade da origem, estudo de impactos e soluções de problemas ambientais. Apesar das dificuldades relacionadas ao processo ensino-aprendizagem e questões pessoais levarem alguns ao abandono do curso, o gestor ambiental passa a valorizá-las como desafios superados e aprendizagens importantes ou necessárias.  In this article we present the Environmental Management course at the School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities in its institutional context, characteristics of the course, its students and environmental managers. The results integrate data organized by fellows in some research projects and show that the environmental manager is a critical citizen who enters the course believing in his potential to transform the world. The areas of interest and professional performance tend to remain throughout the academic path, since admission, and include different themes in public, private or social interest institutions. This is according to the environmental manager idealized in the course's Political Pedagogical Project, and shows the need for interdisciplinary training to act in environmental management considering the complexity of the origin, study of impacts and solutions to environmental problems. Despite the difficulties related to the teaching-learning process and personal issues that lead some to drop out of the course, the environmental manager tends to value them as overcome challenges and important or necessary learning.    Dans cet article, nous présentons le cours de Gestion de l'Environnement à l'École des Arts, Sciences et Humanités dans son contexte institutionnel, les caractéristiques du cours, ses étudiants et les gestionnaires de l'environnement. Les résultats intègrent des informations organisées par des boursiers dans divers projets de recherche et montrent que le gestionnaire de l'environnement est un citoyen critique qui entre dans le cours en croyant en son potentiel pour transformer le monde. Les domaines d'intérêt et les performances professionnelles ont tendance à rester dans le parcours académique, depuis l'admission, et incluent des thèmes différents dans les institutions d'intérêt public, privé ou social. Ceci est en ligne avec le gestionnaire environnemental idéalisé dans le projet politique pédagogique du cours, et montre la nécessité d'une formation interdisciplinaire pour agir en gestion environnementale compte tenu de la complexité de l'origine, de l'étude des impacts et des solutions aux problèmes environnementaux. Malgré les difficultés liées au processus d'enseignement-apprentissage et les problèmes personnels qui conduisent certains à abandonner le cours, le responsable de l'environnement commence à les valoriser comme des défis surmontés et des apprentissages importants ou nécessaires

The production of protective earth-based mortars for earth constructions in southeastern Brazil during the 19th century coffee economy

The study of materials used in ancient buildings provides a means to shed light on traditional building practices of past societies, but can serve as inspiration to tackle challenges faced by the current generation. Characterising earth-based structures and finishing elements is part of this mission, especially at a time when earthen architecture is the subject of renewed interest due to its many advantages, particularly in terms of sustainability. This paper considers a set of historical earthen houses built during the first phase of the coffee economy (1820-1880) in the middleParaíba do Sul River valley, in southeastern Brazil. Physical (colour and texture) and chemical (FTIR, TGA, XRF, and XRD) analyses performed on a large set of mortar and local soil samples collected in the region formed the basis for discussing possible soil selection criteria as raw materials, texture solutions, and the stabilisation strategy of the final product. This last aspect implied the addition of small quantities of lime, in the case of external renders and more sporadically in plasters, without the use of fibres or organic additives. Chemical data and historical sources suggest that the rawmaterials used for this purpose were probably brought to the region from coastal areas.O estudo dos materiais utilizados nos edifícios antigos fornece um meio de lançar luz sobre as práticas tradicionais de construção das sociedades do passado, mas pode servir também de inspiração para responder aos desafios enfrentados pela atual geração. Caracterizar estruturas e elementos de acabamento das edificações construídas com terra crua faz parte dessa missão, especialmente numa altura em que a arquitetura com terra é objeto de interesse renovado devido às muitas vantagens, particularmente em termos de sustentabilidade. Este artigo considera um conjunto de construções históricas edificadas em terra crua durante a primeira fase da economia do café (1820-1880) no trecho paulista do vale do rio Paraíbado Sul. Análises físicas (cor e textura) e químicas (FTIR, TGA, XRF e XRD) realizadas sobre um grande conjunto de amostras de argamassas e de solos locais recolhidas na região formarama base para discutir possíveis critérios de seleção de solo como matéria-prima, soluções de textura e a estratégia de estabilização do produto final. Esse último aspecto implicava a adição de pequenas quantidades de cal, no caso de rebocos externos e, mais esporadicamente, nos revestimentos internos, sem a utilização de fibras ou aditivos orgânicos. Dados químicos e fonteshistóricas sugerem que a matéria-prima utilizada para esse fim foi provavelmente trazida para a região a partir de zonas costeiras

Um estudo comparativo da dinâmica microclimática em espaços adaptados para fins de conservação de acervos sob a ótica da sustentabilidade

The article retrieves and presents the main ways of combining the universe of cultural heritage conservation with the trends of sustainability and, especially, discusses the role of microclimate diagnostics of areas adapted to the museum function in the definition of preventive conservation strategies based on the principles of such movement (by some authors identified as slow conservation). This analysis is articulated with two case studies in which the dynamic behavior of physical-environmental parameters (temperature and humidity) collected during a oneyear interval in internal areas of two museums (Museu Paulista and Museu Casa da Xilogravura) are assessed, considering external climatic variations. The results and their interpretation allow corroborating the importance of diagnostics of conservation areas as a planning tool for preventive actions alternative to traditional approaches based on mechanized and automated environmental control. Moreover, they enable envisioning passive strategies that value existing potentials, minimize individual vulnerabilities and concretely contribute to the articulation with a sustainable world.Este artigo resgata e apresenta os principais caminhos de aproximação entre o universo da conservação de bens culturais e as tendências da sustentabilidade, discutindo particularmente o papel do diagnóstico microclimático de espaços adaptados à função museológica na definição das estratégias de conservação preventiva embasadas nos princípios de tal movimento (identificadas por alguns autores como slow conservation). Esta análise se articula com dois estudos de caso que avaliam os comportamentos dinâmicos de parâmetros físico-ambientais (temperatura e umidade) coletados durante o período de um ano em espaços internos do Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) e do Museu Casa da Xilogravura, confrontados com as variações climáticas externas. Os resultados e suas interpretações permitem ressaltar a importância do diagnóstico dos espaços de conservação, enquanto ferramenta de planejamento de ações preventivas alternativas às tradicionais abordagens de controle ambiental mecanizado e automatizado, e vislumbrar estratégias passivas que valorizem potencialidades existentes, minimizem vulnerabilidades isoladas e contribuam concretamente para a articulação com um mundo sustentável

Self-adaptive integrated photonic receiver for turbulence compensation in free space optical links

: In Free Space Optical (FSO) communication systems, atmospheric turbulence distorts the propagating beams, causing a random fading in the received power. This perturbation can be compensated using a multi-aperture receiver that samples the distorted wavefront on different points and adds the various signals coherently. In this work, we report on an adaptive optical receiver that compensates in real time for scintillation in FSO links. The optical front-end of the receiver is entirely integrated in a silicon photonic chip hosting a 2D Optical Antenna Array and a self-adaptive analog Programmable Optical Processor made of a mesh of tunable Mach-Zehnder interferometers. The photonic chip acts as an adaptive interface to couple turbulent FSO beams to single-mode guided optics, enabling energy and cost-effective operation, scalability to systems with a larger number of apertures, modulation-format and data-protocol transparency, and pluggability with commercial fiber optics transceivers. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed receiver with optical signals at a data rate of 10 Gbit/s transmitted in indoor FSO links where different turbulent conditions, even stronger than those expected in outdoor links of hundreds of meters, are reproduced

Expression of calcium-binding proteins and selected neuropeptides in the human, chimpanzee, and crab-eating macaque claustrum

The claustrum is present in all mammalian species examined so far and its morphology, chemoarchitecture, physiology, phylogenesis and ontogenesis are still a matter of debate. Several morphologically distinct types of immunostained cells were described in different mammalian species. To date, a comparative study on the neurochemical organization of the human and non-human primates claustrum has not been fully described yet, partially due to technical reasons linked to the postmortem sampling interval. The present study analyze the localization and morphology of neurons expressing parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), NPY, and somatostatin (SOM) in the claustrum of man (# 5), chimpanzee (# 1) and crab-eating monkey (# 3). Immunoreactivity for the used markers was observed in neuronal cell bodies and processes distributed throughout the anterior-posterior extent of human, chimpanzee and macaque claustrum. Both CR- and PV-immunoreactive (ir) neurons were mostly localized in the central and ventral region of the claustrum of the three species while SOM- and NPY-ir neurons seemed to be equally distributed throughout the ventral-dorsal extent. In the chimpanzee claustrum SOM-ir elements were not observed. No co-localization of PV with CR was found, thus suggesting the existence of two non-overlapping populations of PV and CR-ir interneurons. The expression of most proteins (CR, PV, NPY), was similar in all species. The only exception was the absence of SOM-ir elements in the claustrum of the chimpanzee, likely due to species specific variability. Our data suggest a possible common structural organization shared with the adjacent insular region, a further element that emphasizes a possible common ontogeny of the claustrum and the neocortex

Microenvironments and preventive conservation in indoor areas: the case of the non-climatised indoor area of Casa de Dona Yayá in São Paulo (Brazil)

Neste artigo, buscou-se resgatar criticamente o histórico do processo de consolidação da noção de conservação preventiva de bens culturais materiais baseada em controle ambiental e expor uma síntese do estado da arte dos conhecimentos sobre a ação dos agentes ambientais nos processos de degradação física, química e biológica dos materiais que tipicamente compõem tais bens. A discussão, desenvolvida principalmente na perspectiva de recintos interiores de instituições envolvidas na preservação da cultura material, perpassou por uma reflexão sobre o conceito de microambientes e microclimas e sobre a conveniência de sua afirmação na abordagem do problema. Os temas tratados foram contextualizados mediante o estudo do caso específico das áreas interiores da Casa de Dona Yayá, em São Paulo, no qual foram apresentadas e debatidas algumas possibilidades de atuação no processo de caracterização dos espaços indoor, suas potencialidades e limitações.This paper makes a critical assessment of the historical consolidation process of the notion of preventive conservation of tangible cultural heritage based on environmental control. Within this aim, a summary of the state-of-the-art of the knowledge on the role of environmental factors in the physical, chemical and biological degradation of the materials that typically compose such artefacts is also presented. The discussion, focused on the perspective of indoor areas of institutions concerned with cultural preservation, encompassed a number of considerations on the concept of microenvironment and microclimate and on the adequacy of their assertion in the approach to the problem. The topics were contextualised through the specific case-study of the indoor areas of the historical building Casa da Dona Yayá (Sao Paulo, Brazil), in which some of the characterisation possibilities, their potentials and limitations, were highlighted and debated

Circulating Cell-Free DNA in Dogs with Mammary Tumors: Short and Long Fragments and Integrity Index

Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been considered an interesting diagnostic/prognostic plasma biomarker in tumor-bearing subjects. In cancer patients, cfDNA can hypothetically derive from tumor necrosis/apoptosis, lysed circulating cells, and some yet unrevealed mechanisms of active release. This study aimed to preliminarily analyze cfDNA in dogs with canine mammary tumors (CMTs). Forty-four neoplastic, 17 non-neoplastic disease-bearing, and 15 healthy dogs were recruited. Necrosis and apoptosis were also assessed as potential source of cfDNA on 78 CMTs diagnosed from the 44 dogs. The cfDNA fragments and integrity index significantly differentiated neoplastic versus non-neoplastic dogs (P<0.05), and allowed the distinction between benign and malignant lesions (P<0.05). Even if without statistical significance, the amount of cfDNA was also affected by tumor necrosis and correlated with tumor size and apoptotic markers expression. A significant (P<0.01) increase of Bcl-2 in malignant tumors was observed, and in metastatic CMTs the evasion of apoptosis was also suggested. This study, therefore, provides evidence that cfDNA could be a diagnostic marker in dogs carrying mammary nodules suggesting that its potential application in early diagnostic procedures should be further investigated

Mechanisms of Thermal Adaptation Revealed From the Genomes of the Antarctic Archaea Methanogenium frigidum and Methanococcoides burtonii

We generated draft genome sequences for two cold-adapted Archaea, Methanogenium frigidum and Methanococcoides burtonii, to identify genotypic characteristics that distinguish them from Archaea with a higher optimal growth temperature (OGT). Comparative genomics revealed trends in amino acid and tRNA composition, and structural features of proteins. Proteins from the cold-adapted Archaea are characterized by a higher content of noncharged polar amino acids, particularly Gin and Thr and a lower content of hydrophobic amino acids, particularly Leu. Sequence data from nine methanogen genomes (OGT 15degrees-98degreesC) were used to generate IIII modeled protein structures. Analysis of the models from the cold-adapted Archaea showed a strong tendency in the solvent-accessible area for more Gin, Thr, and hydrophobic residues and fewer charged residues. A cold shock domain (CSD) protein (CspA homolog) was identified in M. frigidum, two hypothetical proteins with CSD-folds in M. burtonii, and a unique winged helix DNA-binding domain protein in M. burtonii. This suggests that these types of nucleic acid binding proteins have a critical role in cold-adapted Archaea. Structural analysis of tRNA sequences from the Archaea indicated that GC content is the major factor influencing tRNA stability in hyperthermophiles, but not in the psychrophiles, mesophiles or moderate thermophiles. Below an OGT of 60degreesC, the GC content in tRNA was largely unchanged, indicating that any requirement for flexibility of tRNA in psychrophiles is mediated by other means. This is the first time that comparisons have been performed with genome data from Archaea spanning the growth temperature extremes. from psychrophiles to hyperthermophile

Oficinas Participativas na Elaboração do Plano de Manejo da APA-VRT

O presente artigo trata dos processos de participação social e política na produção do Plano de Manejo da Área de Proteção Ambiental da Várzea do Rio Tietê (APA-VRT) localizada no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Esta APA é composta por doze municípios, foi criada em 1987 e seu plano de manejo foi realizado mais de 20 anos depois. O trabalho de produção deste documento iniciou em 2011 e foi conduzido por pesquisadores da Universidade de São Paulo. Neste artigo descreveremos e analisaremos os processos relativos à organização e implementação da oficina de Diagnóstico Socioambiental nas quais se assentaram os primeiros contatos entre Estado e sociedade civil em torno ao tema do plano de manejo da APA-VRT