Regulated Nuclear Trafficking of rpL10A Mediated by NIK1 Represents a Defense Strategy of Plant Cells against Virus

The NSP-interacting kinase (NIK) receptor-mediated defense pathway has been identified recently as a virulence target of the geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). However, the NIK1–NSP interaction does not fit into the elicitor–receptor model of resistance, and hence the molecular mechanism that links this antiviral response to receptor activation remains obscure. Here, we identified a ribosomal protein, rpL10A, as a specific partner and substrate of NIK1 that functions as an immediate downstream effector of NIK1-mediated response. Phosphorylation of cytosolic rpL10A by NIK1 redirects the protein to the nucleus where it may act to modulate viral infection. While ectopic expression of normal NIK1 or a hyperactive NIK1 mutant promotes the accumulation of phosphorylated rpL10A within the nuclei, an inactive NIK1 mutant fails to redirect the protein to the nuclei of co-transfected cells. Likewise, a mutant rpL10A defective for NIK1 phosphorylation is not redirected to the nucleus. Furthermore, loss of rpL10A function enhances susceptibility to geminivirus infection, resembling the phenotype of nik1 null alleles. We also provide evidence that geminivirus infection directly interferes with NIK1-mediated nuclear relocalization of rpL10A as a counterdefensive measure. However, the NIK1-mediated defense signaling neither activates RNA silencing nor promotes a hypersensitive response but inhibits plant growth and development. Although the virulence function of the particular geminivirus NSP studied here overcomes this layer of defense in Arabidopsis, the NIK1-mediated signaling response may be involved in restricting the host range of other viruses

Primeiras dissertações do curso de mestrado da escola de enfermagem Anna Nery (1972-1975) Primeras disertaciones del curso de maestría de la escuela de enfermería Anna Nery (1972-1975) First dissertations of the Anna Nery nursing school master's degree program (1972-1975)

Estudo histórico-social que tem como objeto as condições de produção das primeiras dissertações do Curso de Mestrado da Escola de Enfermagem Anna Nery, elaboradas no período 1972-1975. Objetivos: descrever as características iniciais do Curso de Mestrado da EEAN; analisar o perfil das autoras das primeiras dissertações desse Curso e de suas orientadoras; e discutir a inserção dessas dissertações nas áreas e linhas de pesquisa em enfermagem. Foi realizada análise documental e foram organizados quadros para apresentação dos resultados. Resultados: nove das doze alunas de tempo integral da turma pioneira apresentaram suas dissertações antes do prazo regulamentar de quatro anos. Embora oito das mestrandas fossem docentes, cerca de 90% de suas dissertações inserem-se na Área Assistencial, foco de interesse de sua prática de ensino. O mestrado da EEAN qualificou profissionais para lecionar nos cursos superiores de enfermagem. As nove primeiras dissertações nele produzidas constituíram importante contribuição para a produção científica de enfermagem.<br>Estudio histórico-social que tiene como objeto las condiciones de producción de las primeras disertaciones del Curso de Maestría de la Escuela de Enfermería Anna Nery, elaboradas en el periodo 1972-1975. Objetivos: describir las características iniciales del Curso de Maestría de EEAN; analizar el perfil de las autoras de las primeras disertaciones de ese Curso y de sus orientadoras; y discutir la inserción de esas disertaciones en las áreas y líneas de investigación en enfermería. Se realizó análisis documental y se organizó cuadros para presentación de los resultados. Resultados: Nueve de las doce alumnas de tiempo completo de la clase pionera presentaron sus disertaciones antes del plazo estatutario, que era de cuatro años. Aunque ocho de las alumnas de la maestría fueran profesoras, cerca del 90% de sus disertaciones se insertan en el Área Asistencial, el foco de interés de su práctica de enseñanza. La maestría de EEAN calificó profesionales para enseñar en los cursos superiores de enfermería. Las nueve primeras disertaciones producidas en el curso constituyeron importante contribución para la producción científica de enfermería.<br>This is a social-historical study that focuses on the conditions relative to the production of the first dissertations of the Anna Nery Nursing School Master's Degree Program, prepared during the period of 1972 to 1975. Objectives: to describe the initial characteristics of EEAN Master's Degree Program; analyze the profile of the authors of this Program's first dissertations and their advisors; and discuss the insertion of these dissertations in the lines and areas of research in nursing. A documental analysis was accomplished and charts were prepared for the presentation of the results. Results: Nine of the twelve full-time students of the pioneer class submitted their dissertations prior to the final term, which was four years. Although eight of the Master's Degree students were teachers, approximately 90% of their dissertations are inserted in the Health Care Area, the focus of interest of their teaching practice. The EEAN Master's Degree Program has qualified professionals to teach in higher education nursing courses. The nine first dissertations produced during the program constitute an important contribution to the scientific production of the nursing area