Observational diagnostics of gas in protoplanetary disks

Protoplanetary disks are composed primarily of gas (99% of the mass). Nevertheless, relatively few observational constraints exist for the gas in disks. In this review, I discuss several observational diagnostics in the UV, optical, near-IR, mid-IR, and (sub)-mm wavelengths that have been employed to study the gas in the disks of young stellar objects. I concentrate in diagnostics that probe the inner 20 AU of the disk, the region where planets are expected to form. I discuss the potential and limitations of each gas tracer and present prospects for future research.Comment: Review written for the proceedings of the conference "Origin and Evolution of Planets 2008", Ascona, Switzerland, June 29 - July 4, 2008. Date manuscript: October 2008. 17 Pages, 6 graphics, 134 reference

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children

We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-alpha 2 in 10 patients: IFN-alpha 2 only in three, IFN-alpha 2 plus IFN-omega in five, and IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega plus IFN-beta in two; IFN-omega only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-alpha 2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-omega in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-. only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-omega and/or IFN-alpha 2

Calpún-INIA, cultivar de lenteja ( Lens culinaris Medik.) de grano grande y resistente a roya

Calpún-INIA is a rust (Uromyces fabae Pers.) resistant lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivar that was developed by the former Food Legume Program of the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA), Chile. It is derived from crosses between the Chilean rust-susceptible Araucana-INIA and the Canadian rust-resistant Laird cultivars, using earliness, Araucana-INIA's type of plant architecture, seed size, seed yield and rust resistance as selection criteria. Calpún-INIA belongs to the large seeded cultivars (macrosperma type), averaging 8 g per 100 seeds, and > 65% of seeds retained in a 7 mm sieve. The seed is partially flattened, with pale green to grey background and pale yellow cotyledons. Averaged across years, the seed yield of Calpún-INIA was 17% lower than Araucana-INIA's in rust-free environments, whereas Calpún-INIA out-yielded Araucana-INIA by 60 to 95% in environments where this disease is the main constraint for lentil production. Calpún-INIA is the first lentil cultivar released by INIA, combining high yield and large seed size with rust resistanceCalpún-INIA es un cultivar de lenteja (Lens culinaris Medik.) resistente a la roya (Uromyces fabae Pers.), desarrollado por el ex Programa de Leguminosas de Grano del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Chile. Se origina de un cruzamiento entre el cultivar chileno Araucana-INIA susceptible a la roya y el cultivar canadiense Laird resistente a roya, utilizando precocidad, arquitectura de planta del tipo Araucana-INIA, tamaño de grano, rendimiento de grano y resistencia a roya como criterios de selección. Calpún-INIA pertenece a los cultivares de tamaño de grano grande (tipo macrosperma), con peso promedio de 8 g por 100 granos, y con tamaño de grano de 7 mm superior a 65%. La semilla es parcialmente aplanada, de color verde claro a gris y de cotiledones amarillo pálidos. En promedio de temporadas, el rendimiento en grano de Calpún-INIA fue 17% inferior a Araucana-INIA, en evaluaciones realizadas en ambientes libres de roya. En tanto, su rendimiento supera a Araucana-INIA entre 60 a 95%, en ambientes donde la enfermedad es la principal limitante de producción. Calpún-INIA es el primer cultivar de lenteja desarrollado por INIA que combina alto rendimiento y calibre de grano, con resistencia a roya

Entomopathogenic fungi isolates selection for egg control of tomato moth Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae) eggs

A pathogenicity study of 64 Metarhizium anisopliae   var. anisopliae and 70 Beauveria bassiana   isolates against tomato moth Tuta absoluta   eggs, was carried out under laboratory conditions. The first evaluation was accomplished by spraying suspensions of 107 conidias mL-1 of each isolate directly on eggs, through a Potter tower. Mortality and conidia production on the eggs were significantly higher with the isolates M. anisopliae Qu-M558 and B. bassiana Qu-B911, Qu-B912 and Qu-B928. These isolates were newly evaluated using increasing conidia concentrations (0 to 108 conidia mL-1) of each of the five selected isolates. The isolates Qu-B912 and Qu-M558 produced the highest mortality percentages based on the area under mortality progress curve for each concentration, 80 and 60%, respectively

SUPER ARAUCANA-INIA: UNA NUEVA VARIEDAD DE LENTEJA (Lens culinaris Med.) CHILENA DE GRANO GRANDE (Super Araucana-INIA: a new Chilean large-seed lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) cultivar)

SuperAraucana-INIA is the first lentil cultivar developed in Chile by crossing (Araucana-INIA x Tekoa) x De la Mata, which was first done at the Quilamapu Research Center of the National Institute of Agricultural Investigations (INIA) in 1984. Its main characteristic is the production of 70% of the seeds with over a 7mm diameter, which is called "lentejón" in the internal market, and a yield similar to Araucana-INIA. SuperAraucana-INIA is susceptible to the lentil rust caused by Uromyces fabae   f. sp. lentis , making necessary its protection with fungicides, especially when it is planted in dry coastal loam soils in winter and rich lowland soils in spring

EVALUACIÓN DE CEPAS NATIVAS DE Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae SOBRE Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fab. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE). (Evaluation of Chilean strains of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae against Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).)

The pathogenicity of three isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae against the black vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus) was evaluated in a laboratory test. The isolates were applied in increasing concentrations (0 to 108 conidia mL-1) to the last instar larvae. Larval mortality was evaluated for 20 days, and lethal concentration LC50 LC90, and mortality rates were calculated. The three isolates varied (P£ 0.01) in the rate of mortality at different concentrations. The LC50 and LC90 for the most virulent isolate were about 106 and 108 conidia mL-1, respectively. Future field studies will determine the potential of this fungus as a biological control agent for Otiorhynchus sulcatus in Chile. RESUMEN Se evaluó en laboratorio la patogenicidad de tres aislamientos de Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae sobre el gorgojo de la frutilla (Otiorhynchus sulcatus). Los aislamientos fueron aplicados en concentraciones crecientes (0 a 108 conidias mL-1) sobre larvas en el último estadío de desarrollo. Se evaluó durante 20 días la mortalidad de larvas, calculándose la concentración letal CL50 y CL90 , y la tasa de mortalidad. La tasa de mortalidad a distintas concentraciones fue distinta para los tres aislamientos (P< 0,01). La CL50 y CL90 para el aislamiento más agresivo, fue de 106 y 108 respectivamente. Futuros estudios a nivel de campo permitirán determinar el potencial de este hongo como agente de control biológico de O. sulcatus en Chile

Pathogenicity of a Chilean wild collection of Metarhizium spp. and Beauveria spp. on Aegorhinus superciliosus, Asynonychus cervinus and Otiorhynchus sulcatus/PATOGENICIDAD DE UNA COLECCIÓN DE CEPAS NATIVAS DE Metarhizium spp. Y Beauveria spp. EN Aegorhinus superciliosus, Asynonychus cervinus Y Otiorhynchus sulcatus

Different isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria and Metarhizium, collected throughout Chile, were screened for three important curculionid (weevil) pests. Nine Beauveria and 10 Metarhizium isolates were evaluated on adults of Aegorhinus superciliosus, 37 Beauveria isolates on Asynonychus cervinus larvae and 24 Metarhizium on Otiorhynchus sulcatus adults. Inoculated insects were observed daily and compared using a mortality index. The most effective isolates were M430 and B306 for A. superciliosus, B 179 for A. cervinus and M151b for O. sulcatus. There were also numerous strains that caused low or very reduced insect mortality, suggesting the specificity of the different fungi for different insects. The foregoing justifies the search for new and better isolates, as well as additional laboratory and field evaluation of the better strains. RESUMEN Se realizó una evaluación con diferentes aislamientos de los hongos entomopatógenos Beauveria y Metarhizium, colectados a lo largo de Chile, en tres especies de curculiónidos de importancia agrícola. Nueve cepas de Beauveria y 10 de Metarhizium fueron evaluados en adultos de Aegorhinus superciliosus, 37 aislamientos de Beauveria con larvas de Asynonychus cervinus y 24 cepas de Metarhizium en adultos de Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Los insectos inoculados fueron evaluados diariamente y comparados a través de índices de mortalidad. Diferentes niveles de patogenicidad fueron detectados entre las cepas, destacándose como los más efectivos los aislamientos M430 y B306 para A. superciliosus, B179 con A. cervinus y M151b para O. sulcatus. También hubo numerosas cepas que no causaron mortalidad o ésta fue muy reducida, indicando una especificidad de los distintos hongos para diferentes insectos. Lo anterior justifica la búsqueda de nuevos y mejores aislamientos, así como la evaluación en terreno de las mejores cepas

Desplazamiento de conidias de Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae en columnas de tres series de suelo

The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae isolationQu-M270 is a promising control agent for the wheat white grub( Hylamorpha elegans Burm.), a Chilean scarabeid species whose larvae feed on roots of diverse crops and move in soil up to a depth of 25 cm. In this study, the vertical movement of Qu- M270 conidias suspended in water was evaluated in three soil series from the Bío-Bío Region (36°32' S lat; 71°55' W long), Chile. Soil was obtained using PVC pipes 30 cm long by 20 cm in diameter. Conidia recovery was performed in a specific medium for Metarhizium anisopliae, by counting colony forming units in 1 g of dry soil. The Quella series (Aquic Durixerets) was more restrictive to the percolation of conidia, which were concentrated at the first 10 cm. With the Arenales series (Dystric Xeropsamments), conidia were found below 15 cm and in percolated liquids. On the other hand, the Mirador series (Ultic Palexeralf) had a uniform distribution of conidia at every depth.El hongo entomopatógeno Metarhizium anisopliae , aislamiento Qu-M270, es específico para el control del gusano blanco del trigo ( Hylamorpha elegans Burm.), el cual se alimenta de raíces de diversos cultivos y se desplaza en el perfil del suelo hasta los 25 cm de profundidad. En este estudio se evaluó el desplazamiento vertical de conidias de Qu-M270, en suspensión acuosa, a través de columnas de suelo extraídas con tubos de PVC de 30 cm de largo y 20 cm de diámetro, en tres series de suelo de la Región del Bío-Bío (36°32' lat. Sur; 71°55' long. Oeste), Chile. La recuperación de conidias se realizó en medio especifico para Metarhizium anisopliae, contabilizando unidades formadoras de colonias por gramo de suelo seco. La serie Quella (Aquic Durixerets) fue más restrictiva al paso de conidias, las que se concentraron en los primeros 10 cm de profundidad, a diferencia de la serie Arenales (Dystric Xeropsamments) en que se observó su presencia bajo los 15 cm y en los líquidos percolados. La serie Mirador (Ultic Palexeralf) presentó una distribución uniforme a lo largo de todo el perfil