Sewage sludge gasification. Dolomite performance under different operating conditions

Gasification is a technology that can replace traditional management alternatives used up to date to deal with this waste (landfilling, composting and incineration) and which fulfils the social, environmental and legislative requirements. The main products of sewage sludge gasification are permanent gases (useful to generate energy or to be used as raw material in chemical synthesis processes), liquids (tars) and char. One of the main problems to be solved in gasification is tar production. Tars are organic impurities which can condense at relatively high temperatures making impossible to use the produced gases for most applications. This work deals with the effect of some primary tar removal processes (performed inside the gasifier) on sewage sludge gasification products. For this purpose, analysis of the gas composition, tar production, cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion were carried out. The tests were performed with air in a laboratory scale plant consisting mainly of a bubbling bed gasifier. No catalyzed and catalyzed (10% wt of dolomite in the bed and in the feeding) tests were carried out at different temperatures (750ºC, 800ºC and 850ºC) in order to know the effect of these parameters in the gasification products. As far as tars were concerned, qualitative and quantitative tar composition was determined. In all tests the Equivalence Ratio (ER) was kept at 0.3. Temperature is one of the most influential variables in sewage sludge gasification. Higher temperatures favoured hydrogen and CO production while CO2 content decreased, which might be partially explained by the effect of the cracking, Boudouard and CO2 reforming reactions. At 850ºC, cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion reached 49% and 76%, respectively. The presence of dolomite as catalyst increased the production of H2 reaching contents of 15.5% by volume at 850 °C. Similar behaviour was found for CO whereas CO2 and CnHm (light hydrocarbons) production decreased. In the presence of dolomite, a tar reduction of up to 51% was reached in comparison with no catalyzed tests, as well as improvements on cold gas efficiency and carbon conversion. Several assays were developed in order to test catalyst performance under more rough gasification conditions. For this purpose, the throughput value (TR), defined as kg sludge “as received” fed to the gasifier per hour and per m2 of cross sectional area of the gasifier, was modified. Specifically, the TR values used were 110 (reference value), 215 and 322 kg/h·m2. When TR increased, the H2, CO and CH4 production decreased while the CO2 and the CnHm production increased. Tar production increased drastically with TR during no catalysed tests what is related to the lower residence time of the gas inside the reactor. Nevertheless, even at TR=322 kg/h·m2, tar production decreased by nearly 50% with in-bed use of dolomite in comparison with no catalyzed assays under the same operating conditions. Regarding relative tar composition, there was an increase in benzene and naphthalene content when temperature increased while the content of the rest of compounds decreased. The dolomite seemed to be effective all over the range of molecular weight studied showing tar removal efficiencies between 35-55% in most cases. High values of the TR caused a significant increase in tar production but a slight effect on tar composition

Energía renovable a partir de los lodos de depuradoras urbanas

El lodo de depuradora es el residuo líquido o semilíquido procedente de las Estaciones Depuradoras de Aguas Residuales (EDARs) del que puede obtenerse una energía renovable empleando la tecnología de la gasificación. Esta tecnología consiste en la oxidación parcial del sustrato carbonoso del lodo a altas temperaturas bajo condiciones subestequiométricas de aire, oxígeno u otros agentes gasificantes. Los productos obtenidos mediante gasificación son: un gas de síntesis (SYNGAS, con composición variable de H2, CO) un residuo carbonizado (char) y una fracción líquida de compuestos orgánicos de distinto peso molecular denominados alquitranes. El gas de síntesis tiene aplicaciones como son la generación de energía eléctrica/térmica o la síntesis de compuestos químicos. Sin embargo, la presencia de alquitranes imposibilita su uso en buena parte de las aplicaciones. El trabajo realizado que aquí se presenta estudia la posibilidad de tratar los lodos de depuradora mediante gasificación. Para ello, se han realizado las siguientes tareas: - Caracterización del lodo incluyendo la determinación de su humedad, materia orgánica, análisis elemental (C, N, H, S) y contenido de metales pesados (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg y Cr). - Estudios de termogravimetría (TGA) del lodo para conocer su comportamiento térmico y la temperatura a la que se producen las principales reacciones en la gasificación. - Gasificación en un equipo de lecho fluido burbujeante y alimentación en continuo a escala de laboratorio. Con dicho gasificador se ha experimentado a distintas temperaturas y cargas para conocer las condiciones de proceso más favorables para aumentar la producción y el poder calorífico del SYNGAS obteniendo, a la vez, una baja producción en alquitranes. Para ello se ha analizado la composición de los gases obtenidos, la producción de alquitranes, la conversión del carbón y la eficiencia en la gasificación. Los alquitranes fueron analizados mediante cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas, para conocer y cuantificar sus diferentes componentes. - Determinación de la capacidad adsorbente de carbones activos producidos mediante gasificación, utilizando azul de metileno como adsorbato. Las conclusiones obtenidas permiten considerar la viabilidad técnica de la gasificación de lodos como fuente de energía renovable

Implementation of a module for risk of ozone impacts assessment to vegetation in the integrated assessment modelling system for the Iberian peninsula. Evaluation for wheat and holm oak

A module to estimate risks of ozone damage to vegetation has been implemented in the Integrated Assessment Modelling system for the Iberian Peninsula. It was applied to compute three different indexes for wheat and Holm oak; daylight AOT40 (cumulative ozone concentration over 40 ppb), cumulative ozone exposure index according to the Directive 2008/50/EC (AOT40-D) and PODY (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose over a given threshold of Y nmol m−2 s−1). The use of these indexes led to remarkable differences in spatial patterns of relative ozone risks on vegetation. Ozone critical levels were exceeded in most of the modelling domain and soil moisture content was found to have a significant impact on the results. According to the outputs of the model, daylight AOT40 constitutes a more conservative index than the AOT40-D. Additionally, flux-based estimations indicate high risk areas in Portugal for both wheat and Holm oak that are not identified by AOT-based methods

High resolution emission estimation in hot-spots of Madrid (Spain)

This work aims at obtaining high resolution NOx and PM10 emissions from road traffic at hot-spots in Madrid (Spain). For that, 12 1-hour representative scenarios are simulated with the traffic microsimulation model VISSIM. Measured traffic data (fluxes and fleet composition) are used as input for the model to obtain speed-time profiles for each vehicle. These profiles are used to predict representative emission factors for different vehicle classes in the VERSIT+micro model through the ENVIVER interface. Emission factors are compared with the ones of COPERT 4, a widely used average-speed model, as a preliminary model assessment. The results are strongly influenced by low average speeds due to saturated traffic situations

Development of urban air quality plans and measures in Madrid (Spain) under a multi-scale air quality modeling approach

Poor urban air quality is one of the main environmental concerns worldwide. According to WHO (WHO, 2014) outdoor air pollution caused 3.7 million premature deaths in 2012, most of them in urban areas where both, emission sources and population concentrate. Even in Europe, despite of significant efforts, exceedances of air quality standards are common in large urban areas, particularly for NO2 (EEA, 2014). Therefore, tackling urban air quality constitutes a pressing priority from the social and political point of view. However, air pollution dynamics in urban environments is extremely complex and the design and assessment of effective emission abatement plans and measures posses a major scientific challenge. Emissions of different pollutants from a variety of sources interact through intertwined atmospheric transport processes and chemical transformations involving several spatial and temporal scales. In this context, air quality modelling constitutes an essential research tool for understanding and simulating the potential effect of emission abatement measures as well as to identify the best course of action to improve air quality in cities. This contribution reflects on the inherent complexities of urban air pollution and the development of air quality plans for the Madrid city as a representative case study

Carbon dioxide adsorption in chemically activated carbon from sewage sludge

In this work, sewage sludge was used as precursor in the production of activated carbon by means of chemical activation with KOH and NaOH. The sludge-based activated carbons were investigated for their gaseous adsorption characteristics using CO2 as adsorbate. Although both chemicals were effective in the development of the adsorption capacity, the best results were obtained with solid NaOH (SBAT16). Adsorption results were modeled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich models, with resulting CO2 adsorption capacities about 56 mg/g. The SBAT16 was characterized for its surface and pore characteristics using continuous volumetric nitrogen gas adsorption and mercury porosimetry. The results informed about the mesoporous character of the SBAT16 (average pore diameter of 56.5 Å). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of the SBAT16 was low (179 m2/g) in comparison with a commercial activated carbon (Airpel 10; 1020 m2/g) and was mainly composed of mesopores and macropores. On the other hand, the SBAT16 adsorption capacity was higher than that of Airpel 10, which can be explained by the formation of basic surface sites in the SBAT16 where CO2 experienced chemisorption. According to these results, it can be concluded that the use of sewage-sludge-based activated carbons is a promising option for the capture of CO2. Implications: Adsorption methods are one of the current ways to reduce CO2 emissions. Taking this into account, sewage-sludge-based activated carbons were produced to study their CO2 adsorption capacity. Specifically, chemical activation with KOH and NaOH of previously pyrolyzed sewage sludge was carried out. The results obtained show that even with a low BET surface area, the adsorption capacity of these materials was comparable to that of a commercial activated carbon. As a consequence, the use of sewage-sludge-based activated carbons is a promising option for the capture of CO2 and an interesting application for this waste

Assessment of urban parameterizations in the WRF model for air quality modelling purposes in Madrid (Spain)

This study aims to assess the performance or multi-layer canopy parameterizations implemented in the mesoscale WRF model in order to understand their potential contribution to improve the description of energy fluxes and wind fields in the Madrid city. It was found that the Building Energy Model (BEP+BEM) parameterization yielded better results than the bulk standard scheme implemented in the Noah LSM, but very close to those of the Building Energy Parameterization (BEP). The later was deemed as the best option since data requirements and CPU time were smaller. Two annual runs were made to feed the CMAQ chemical-transport model to assess the impact of this feature in routinely air quality modelling activities

Emission inventories and modeling requirements for the development of air quality plans. Application to Madrid (Spain)

Modeling is an essential tool for the development of atmospheric emission abatement measures and air quality plans. Most often these plans are related to urban environments with high emission density and population exposure. However, air quality modeling in urban areas is a rather challenging task. As environmental standards become more stringent (e.g. European Directive 2008/50/EC), more reliable and sophisticated modeling tools are needed to simulate measures and plans that may effectively tackle air quality exceedances, common in large urban areas across Europe, particularly for NO2. This also implies that emission inventories must satisfy a number of conditions such as consistency across the spatial scales involved in the analysis, consistency with the emission inventories used for regulatory purposes and versatility to match the requirements of different air quality and emission projection models. This study reports the modeling activities carried out in Madrid (Spain) highlighting the atmospheric emission inventory development and preparation as an illustrative example of the combination of models and data needed to develop a consistent air quality plan at urban level. These included a series of source apportionment studies to define contributions from the international, national, regional and local sources in order to understand to what extent local authorities can enforce meaningful abatement measures. Moreover, source apportionment studies were conducted in order to define contributions from different sectors and to understand the maximum feasible air quality improvement that can be achieved by reducing emissions from those sectors, thus targeting emission reduction policies to the most relevant activities. Finally, an emission scenario reflecting the effect of such policies was developed and the associated air quality was modeled

High resolution emission estimation in a heavily trafficked urban area in Madrid (Spain)

This work aims to obtain high resolution NOx and PM10 emissions related to traffic activity at a hot-spot in Madrid (Spain). For that, twelve representative scenarios for a heavily trafficked roundabout are simulated with the traffic microsimulation model VISSIM. Measured traffic data (fluxes and fleet composition) are used as input for the model to obtain speed-time profiles for each vehicle. These profiles are used to predict representative emission factors for different vehicle classes in the VERSIT+micro model, through the ENVIVER interface. The emission factors are compared with the ones of COPERT IV, a widely used average-speed model, as a preliminary model assessment. The results are strongly influenced by low average speeds due to saturated traffic situations