GGAA microsatellites of NR0B1 promoter region in Ewing's sarcoma patients and healthy individuals from a south Brazilian population

Introduction: The very aggressive soft tissue and bone pediatric tumor Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is caused in most cases by the chromosomal translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12), which encodes an aberrant chimeric transcription factor (EWS-FLI1) that regulates target genes, including the critical oncogene NR0B1 (Xp21.2), via GGAA microsatellites. Objective: Our objective was to analyze the GGAA microsatellites of NR0B1 promoter region of ES patients and healthy subjects in our population. Methodology: Ten male ES patients and 71 adult healthy males from Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, were included in this study. Leukocyte DNA was extracted, amplified by PCR, sequenced by the Sanger method and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. Total number of GGAA motifs, length of microsatellite in base pairs, number of segments separated by "A" insertions and greatest number of consecutive GGAA motifs were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed in the SPSS® statistical software and p-value <0,05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 21 different alleles was identified in the 81 subjects, with 24.2 allele [(GGAA)7A(GGAA)7A(GGAA)10 sequence] being the most frequent, but when comparing the data between the two groups, no significant difference was found. Conclusion: We concluded that the studied sample was highly variable in terms microsatellite structure, including the presence of rare alleles, giving us the opportunity to describe our population which is a fundamental step on identifying genetic implications in ES tumorigenesis

Expression and pharmacological inhibition of TrkB and EGFR in glioblastoma

A member of the Trk family of neurotrophin receptors, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB, encoded by the NTRK2 gene) is an increasingly important target in various cancer types, including glioblastoma (GBM). EGFR is among the most frequently altered oncogenes in GBM, and EGFR inhibition has been tested as an experimental therapy. Functional interactions between EGFR and TrkB have been demonstrated. In the present study, we investigated the role of TrkB and EGFR, and their interactions, in GBM. Analyses of NTRK2 and EGFR gene expression from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets showed an increase in NTRK2 expression in the proneural subtype of GBM, and a strong correlation between NTRK2 and EGFR expression in glioma CpG island methylator phenotype (G-CIMP+) samples. We showed that when TrkB and EGFR inhibitors were combined, the inhibitory effect on A172 human GBM cells was more pronounced than when either inhibitor was given alone. When U87MG GBM cells were xenografted into the flank of nude mice, tumor growth was delayed by treatment with TrkB and EGFR inhibitors, given alone or combined, only at specific time points. Intracranial GBM growth in mice was not significantly affected by drug treatments. Our findings indicate that correlations between NTRK2 and EGFR expression occur in specific GBM subgroups. Also, our results using cultured cells suggest for the first time the potential of combining TrkB and EGFR inhibition for the treatment of GBM

Combined Inhibition of HDAC and EGFR Reduces Viability and Proliferation and Enhances STAT3 mRNA Expression in Glioblastoma Cells

Changes in expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs), which epigenetically regulate chromatin structure, and mutations and amplifications of the EGFR gene, which codes for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), have been reported in glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and malignant type of brain tumor. There are likely interplays between HDACs and EGFR in promoting GBM progression, and HDAC inhibition can cooperate with EGFR blockade in reducing the growth of lung cancer cells. Here, we found that either HDAC or EGFR inhibitors dose-dependently reduced the viability of U87 and A-172 human GBM cells. In U87 cells, the combined inhibition of HDACs and EGFR was more effective than inhibiting either target alone in reducing viability and long-term proliferation. In addition, HDAC or EGFR inhibition, alone or combined, led to G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. The EGFR inhibitor alone or combined with HDAC inhibition increased mRNA expression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which can act either as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor in GBM. These data provide early evidence that combining HDAC and EGFR inhibition may be an effective strategy to reduce GBM growth, through a mechanism possibly involving STAT3

Reverse Engineering of Ewing Sarcoma Regulatory Network Uncovers PAX7 and RUNX3 as Master Regulators Associated with Good Prognosis

Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is a rare malignant tumor occurring most frequently in adolescents and young adults. The ES hallmark is a chromosomal translocation between the chromosomes 11 and 22 that results in an aberrant transcription factor (TF) through the fusion of genes from the FET and ETS families, commonly EWSR1 and FLI1. The regulatory mechanisms behind the ES transcriptional alterations remain poorly understood. Here, we reconstruct the ES regulatory network using public available transcriptional data. Seven TFs were identified as potential MRs and clustered into two groups: one composed by PAX7 and RUNX3, and another composed by ARNT2, CREB3L1, GLI3, MEF2C, and PBX3. The MRs within each cluster act as reciprocal agonists regarding the regulation of shared genes, regulon activity, and implications in clinical outcome, while the clusters counteract each other. The regulons of all the seven MRs were differentially methylated. PAX7 and RUNX3 regulon activity were associated with good prognosis while ARNT2, CREB3L1, GLI3, and PBX3 were associated with bad prognosis. PAX7 and RUNX3 appear as highly expressed in ES biopsies and ES cell lines. This work contributes to the understanding of the ES regulome, identifying candidate MRs, analyzing their methilome and pointing to potential prognostic factors