Skapande och återskapande av genus i läromedel. Diskursanalys av fem läromedel i NO-ämnena med avseende på genus.

De flesta lärare använder läroböcker i sin undervisning. Det innebär att dessa böcker har en påverkan på skolans verksamhet och därför bör uppnå de normativa föreskrifter som styr skolans verksamhet. Jag har undersökt fem läromedel i de olika NO-ämnena med avseende på hur dessa förhåller sig till genus och kön. Särskilt fokus har legat på de avsnitt som behandlar sexualitet. Hur utrymmet är fördelat mellan män och kvinnor, vilka bilder av könen som förmedlas i text och illustration samt om dessa bilder är stereotypa. Det material jag valt är fem läroböcker i fysik, biologi och kemi. En från vardera stort läromedelsförlag samt en extra som innehöll ett uppslag som kallades "fokus på genus". Jag har analyserat läromedlen med hjälp av diskursanalys. Diskursanalys är både teori och metod, vilka används integrerat med varandra. Med teorins hjälp försöker diskursanalysen tydliggöra mönster i analysmaterialet som är sammankopplat med rådande diskurser.1 I undersökningen har jag kommit fram till att läromedlen förmedlar en bild av mannen och kvinnan som varandras motsatser. Mannen är norm. Han syns mer, är mer aktiv och oftast förekommer han i mer tekniska och karriärsinriktade verksamheter. Kvinnan är motsatsen som syns mindre och i passiva, ofta stereotypa verksamheter. Detta är ännu tydligare i de avsnitt som behandlar sexualiteten. Här förmedlas en bild av mannen som ägare av sexualiteten som han riktar mot kvinnan som är mottagare

City marketing and convention bureaus value propositions in the post-covid time

City marketing and convention bureaus value propositions in the post-covid timeThe role of convention bureaus across the world is to market destinations and cities.This paper explores destination marketing in the post pandemic time. It focusses on thevalues that convention bureaus, a key actor in the meetings industry, propose topotential visitors. The concept of value propositions (VPs) is commonly regarded as astrategic tool for organizations to communicate what and how they will provide benefitsto clients in their offerings of products or services (Payne, Frow and Eggert 2017, Payneet al. 2020). A value proposition is a central part of the business model. VPs can bethought of in terms of promises made to clients or to market segments in externalcommunication (Grönroos and Voima 2013). This calls for an appropriate packaging andpresentation of the values in the communication of organisations (Payne, et al. 2017).From a strategic perspective, VPs affects the process communicating and deliveringvalues (Lanning 2020). Previous research of VPs within in tourism studies include valueco-creation and co-destruction in tourism services (Assiouras et al. 2022), value andtourist brand loyalty (Bose et al. 2022), tourism stakeholder value-co creation (Carrasco-Farré et al. 2022), value propositions in digitalisation processes (Endres et al. 2020) valuepropositions for community building (Butler and Szromek 2019), power in tourismmarketing (Kannisto 2016) and values in experience design (Tussyadiah 2014). The topicappears however to be understudied from a communication perspective and also withrespect to how unexpected events, such as the pandemic, frame the processes ofcommunicating values. The aim of this paper is to advance the knowledge about valuepropositions socio-cultural dimensions by exploring how benefits for meetings bookersand visitors are discursively constructed. The study will answer three questions: how isvalue proposed in the marketing communication of convention bureaus, and whatprofessional meetings discourses are formed in the post covid time?Case, method and theoryTexts and images in the online marketing of 20 convention bureaus (CBs) was collectedbetween May 2022 and March 2023. Dispersed across five world continents, most CBsare located in large cities. A CBs main purpose is to increase the number of meetings ina destination. CBs collaborate with companies in its area to market their offerings, andthey are often a unit of a DMO of a city or a municipality's business department. Themeetings industry increased its activity in the beginning of 2022, when all restrictionswere gradually lifted, and therefore the data constitute an example of marketing thatwas planned and executed during a crisis. The material was imported and text-scannedin NVivo software. Codes were created inductively, by identifying presentations ofbenefits in chunks of texts and images that were manually coded as value propositions,screenshot by screenshot. Inspired by discourse theory (Wetherell et al. 2001), thesecond step of the analysis aimed for a more abstract level. The theory wasoperationalized by looking for reoccurring expressions used to propose value, terms,narratives, symbols, metaphors, and images, and by identifying things that are excluded,and ambiguities in the communication. A set of identified values emerged, as a map ofhow convention bureaus on a global level imagine the meetings demand. The analysis2discusses some vantage points that the CBs depart from. The analytical perspective thusprovides a broad societal interpretation of the themes.FindingsTwo main VP discourses emerged. First, the offering of “The meeting in a destination” isconstructed as place-bound meetings. Place is represented in images of historicalbuildings, spectacular nature, or references to place specific professional networks. Thecommunicated benefits emphasise physical interactions and location in relation to otherplaces. The place bound discourse constructs an essential need of being and engaging ininteractions and experience place, for successful meetings. The CBs engage in aplaceification of professional meetings.Second, the “Sustainable meetings” is a morally packaged offering, that is often basedon presenting benefits of ethical concern such as expressions of care for theenvironment or displays of certifications and expert lists of wise consumption choices.This offering thus constructs morally conscious and responsible choices at the center ofa good meeting. Sustainable consumption is constructed as a norm, in this ethicificationof the professional meetings offering. In sum, the representations relate to differentnorms like mobility and the ethical. The first emphasises experiences of place, whichpartly contradicts the offering of sustainability, The placeification contradicts theethicification of meetings, in so far that places require physical infrastructures andtravelling. The ethicification of meetings stress on the other hand travelling aspotentially harmful for the environment. The sustainability theme does not stress lesstravelling, it rather suggests alternative forms.Discussion and conclusionsThe communication can be interpreted as formations of new norms emerging in relationto change in society. The meeting industry has always emphasised the value of a specificlocation for meetings, an essential part of the tourism industry business models.Revenues depend on sold rooms, dinners, and personal service in that place.Experiences of place requires people to be there. This communication may thereforeseem like a given vantage point. However, digitalisation of society has acceleratedduring Covid-19 pandemic and it seems to have paved a way for customer segments thatdo not want to, or cannot not travel to a remote destination, for different reasons.Especially urgent during the pandemic and to some extent still valid, digital meetingformats are still used. The meeting industry have had to address the question ofmobility, where digital meetings formats could be part of a possible venue in asustainable direction. Carbon emissions from aviation is a significant contributor toclimate change while a lot of people around the world go to meetings by plane, on aregular basis. It may be that the industry addresses these challenges by promotingsustainable meetings. Hence the communication discursively establishes the meetingsindustry as a player within sustainable development. Communication can trivializeconceptions of sustainable challenges and this study suggests that value propositionsare powerful communicative tools and that value propositions emerge in relation tochange in society.References3Assiouras, Ioannis, et al. (2022), 'Value propositions during service mega-disruptions:Exploring value co-creation and value co-destruction in service recovery',ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH, 97.Ballantyne, D., P. Frow, R. J. Varey and A. Payne (2011). "Value propositions ascommunication practice: Taking a wider view." Industrial MarketingManagement 40 (2): 202-210.Bose, Sunny, et al. (2022), 'Customer-Based Place Brand Equity and Tourism: A Regional IdentityPerspective', Journal of Travel Research, 61 (3), 511-27.Butler, R. W. and Szromek, A. R. (2019), 'Incorporating the value proposition for society withbusiness models of health tourism enterprises', Sustainability, 11 (23), 6711.Carrasco-Farré, Carlos, et al. (2022), 'The stakeholder value proposition of digital platforms in anurban ecosystem', Research Policy, 51 (4), N.PAG-N.PAG.Christensen, E. Christensen and L. T. (2022). The saying and the doing. Research handbook onstrategic communication. J. Falkheimer and M. Heide, Edward Elgar Publishing.Christensen, L. T., O. Thyssen and M. Morsing (2020). "Talk–Action Dynamics: Modalities ofaspirational talk." Organization Studies.du Gay, P. and Pryke, M. (2002), Cultural Economy: Cultural Analysis and Commercial Life (SAGEPublications).Endres, Herbert, Stoiber, Kristina, and Wenzl, Nina Magdalena (2020), 'Managing digitaltransformation through hybrid business models', Journal of Business Strategy, 41 (6),49-56.Gieben, B. and S. Hall (1992). Formations of modernity, Polity Press in association with the OpenUniv.Grönroos, Christian and Voima, Päivi (2013), 'Critical service logic: making sense of valuecreation and co-creation', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41 (2), 133-50.Hall, S. In Wetherell, M., S. Taylor and S. J. Yates (2001). Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader,SAGE Publications.Kannisto, Päivi (2016), '“I'M NOT A TARGET MARKET”: Power asymmetries in marketsegmentation', Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 174-80.Kodish, S. and L. Pettegrew (2008). "Enlightened Communication Is the Key to BuildingRelationships." Journal of Relationship Marketing 7(2): 151-176.Lanning, M. J. (2020). "Try taking your value proposition seriously - Why delivering winning valuepropositions should be but usually is not the core strategy for B2B (and otherbusinesses)." Industrial Marketing Management 87: 306-308.Payne, A., P. Frow and A. Eggert (2017). "The customer value proposition: evolution,development, and application in marketing." Journal of the Academy of MarketingScience: Official Publication of the Academy of Marketing Science 45(4): 467-489.Payne, A., P. Frow, L. Steinhoff and A. Eggert (2020). "Toward a comprehensive framework ofvalue proposition development: From strategy to implementation." IndustrialMarketing Management 87: 244-255.Truong, Y., G. Simmons and M. Palmer (2012). "Reciprocal value propositions in practice:Constraints in digital markets." Industrial Marketing Management 41(1): 197-206.Tussyadiah, Iis P. (2014), 'Toward a Theoretical Foundation for Experience Design in Tourism',Journal of Travel Research, 53 (5), 543-64.Wetherell, M., Taylor, S., and Yates, S.J. (2001), Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader (SAGEPublications).Winther Jörgensen, M. and L. Phillips (1999). Diskursanalys som teori och metod. Lund,Studentlitteratur.

Inshore Commercial Fisheries in the Service Economy : Session 1 Small-Scale Fisheries Research - towards sustainable fisheries using a multi-entry perspective

The study frames a traditional industry in transition with the aim to understand the ways in which a work-identity is formed in the service economy along the west coast of Sweden. More specifically, we want to understand how diversified inshore commercial fisheries are discursively established and negotiated as a service enterprising subject in three everyday relationships; authorities, customers and colleagues. The theory behind the study lies within the application of cultural analysis and discourse-analysis (du Gay and Hall 1998) with a focus on three theoretical concepts; governance (Hajer 1996) experienced authenticity (Di Domenico and Miller 2010) and work identification (du Gay and Hall 2002). Field-notes from participation and observations, together with thirty-five in-depth qualitative work-life interviews were generated and analyzed between 2011 and 2014 in 16 inshore commercial fisheries along the west coast of Sweden. The fieldwork was conducted within three EU-funded areas, where small-scale fisheries are considered having a potential to further diversify by developing for instance tourism activities, (FLAGs) of one in particular is a focused case of study.Discourses of the inshore commercial fishery in the service economy play out in three prominent relationships, those to authorities, customers and colleagues. First, in meetings on various levels of fisheries management, narrative threads are commonly used to negotiate and enlighten changes from various situated perspectives. Both authorities and fishermen are aware of the contemporary coastal commercial fisheries in decline, but based on different knowledge basis and views of the future of fisheries. Secondly, in service work discourses from participant observations in fisheries service enterprising, “experienced authenticities” are negotiated, between fishermen and their customers. Third, in fishing discourses from interviews and observations in relation to colleagues and fishing, the fishery is constructed and negotiated between sets of “we” and “them”, to establish work identity.To sum up, authorities and fishermen form and negotiate small-scale inshore commercial fisheries as modern and sustainable from different knowledge basis. The study addresses opportunities, challenges and expectations that permeate the coastal commercial fishing in a service-oriented economy

City innovation as resonance: : the case of outdoor offices and conferences in the open air museum

This paper explores an innovation case within a “smart” Swedish mid-sized city that works extensively with digitalization.Over a long period in time, city populations and city tourism have increased, while more urgentchallenges connected to sustainability have emerged along with health-related problems. In parallel the already established and ongoing digitalization of society was fortified in the pandemic period, something that may have changed the tourism industry. Today, manyprofessional meetings happen both on- and offline.One challenge for public officials who manage urban space, is a societal expectation to maximize and improve tax payers ́ life quality on limited budgets and resources that are commonly owned.This is one of the reasons to why contemporary urban planners and city tourism development organizations need to find new solutions in response to problems related to local and global change. I will focus on norm- changes related to digital nomadism (Makimoto & Manners, 1997) and in connection with a movement for outdoor office work (www. outdoorofficeday.nl,Petersson et al., 2021). The city culture department is testing to offer outdoor offices and meetings in an urban public open air museum, a place that is used for leisure and for pedagogicpurposes.These new offerings can be conceptualized as innovative value propositions (Corvellec & Hultman, 2014) because new values, for instance rich nature experiences or a feeling of doingthe right thing, are made available for tourism consumers. These proposed services can be understood as a re-negotiation of socio-cultural values, where the public institution re-frames space in response to external change.In sociologist Hartmut Rosas (2019) words, this constitutes a form of an ongoing dialogue withthe world, in resonance. Based on eight qualitative interviews with local managers, participant observations, online communication and documents, I explore innovation from this sociologicalperspective.The aim of this research project is to understand tourism innovation discursive practices in public management, as responses to local and global change. Three research questions guide the study; How are outdoor offices and conferences constructed as value propositions for potential visitors? To which problems/risks do these value propositions respond? With what terms are outdoor offices constructed as answers to problems?So far, it was found that some of the strategic actions taken by the project leader was to launchthe outdoor office through a local innovation program, and to frequently work with professionalsocial media platforms.ReferencesCorvellec, & Hultman. (2014). Managing the politics of value propositions. MarketingTheory, 1470593114523445.Makimoto, T., & Manners, D. (1997). Digital nomad: Wiley.Petersson, T., C., Lisberg, J., E., Stenfors, C., Bodin, D., C., Hoff, E., Mårtensson, F., & Toivanen, S. (2021). Outdoor Office Work – AnInteractive Research Project Showingthe Way Out. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.636091 Rosa, H. (2019). Resonance : a sociology of the relationship to the world: Polity Press.https://www.outdoorofficeday.n

African swine fever in Uganda : description of a recent outbreak and possible differential diagnoses

This study had two different aims. The main aim was to investigate the dynamics and impact of African swine fever (ASF) on a farm in Uganda during a recent outbreak through a case study. The second aim was to estimate the presence of two important differential diagnoses of ASF: Classical swine fever (CSF) and Porcine Reproduction and Respiratory syndrome (PRRS). The field and laboratory based case study of the farm level dynamics of ASF virus during a recent outbreak (October-December 2010) on a farm in the district of Mityana, Uganda, was conducted, using interviews, ELISA and RT-PCR. The financial impact on the farm was also estimated. The impact of the outbreak was profound. The farmer lost approximately over half of the population of pigs; mainly adults and newborn piglets were affected. Weaners and older piglets survived to a relatively larger extent. The outbreak spread between pens and units probably via direct and indirect contact. The source of the infection was difficult to identify since there were several suspected sources. A pilot study of presence CSF and PRRS in Uganda was conducted using ELISA and RT-PCR in a cross-sectional study on 239 samples from the district of Rakai in southern Uganda and 80 samples from reported outbreaks of mortality in pigs where ASF virus had not been confirmed as the cause. All samples were negative for CSF and only one sample was seropositive for PRRS. The one positive sample for PRRS was suspected to be a false positive.Studien hade två olika syften. Det huvudsakliga syftet var att undersöka dynamiken och effekterna av Afrikansk svinpest (ASF) på en gård i Uganda under ett utbrott genom en fallstudie. Det andra målet var att uppskatta förekomsten av två viktiga differentialdiagnoser av ASF: Klassisk svinpest (CSF) och Porcine Reproduction and Respiratory syndrome (PRRS). Den fält och laboratoriebaserade fallstudien av dynamiken på gårdsnivå av ASF virus genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer, ELISA och RT-PCR, under ett pågående utbrott (Oktober-December 2010) på en gård i distriktet Mityana, Uganda. Den ekonomiska effekten av utbrottet på gården uppskattades. Effekterna av utbrottet var djupgående. Gårdsägaren förlorade ungefär hälften av populationen av grisar, främst vuxna och nyfödda grisar. Avvanda grisar och äldre smågrisar överlevde i en relativt sett större utsträckning. Utbrottet spreds mellan boxar och enheter via direkt och indirekt kontakt. Källan till infektionen var svår att identifiera eftersom det fanns flera misstänkta källor av introduktion av smittan till gården. En pilotstudie av förekomst av CSF och PRRS i Uganda utfördes med ELISA och RT-PCR i en cross-sectional studie med 239 prover från distriktet Rakai i södra Uganda och 80 prover från rapporterade utbrott av dödlighet hos svin där ASF virus inte bekräftats som orsaken. Alla prover var negativa för CSF och endast ett prov var seropositivt för PRRS. Det enda positiva provet för PRRS misstänktes dock vara falskt positivt

Wage growth dispersion across the euro area countries - some stylised facts

This study presents some stylised facts on wage growth differentials across the euro area countries in the years before and in the first eight years after the introduction of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 1999. The study shows that wage growth dispersion, i.e. the degree of difference in wage growth at a given point in time, has been on a clear downward trend since the early 1980s. However, wage growth dispersion across the euro area countries still appears to be higher than the degree of wage growth dispersion within West Germany, the United States, Italy and Spain. Differences in wage growth rates between individual euro area countries and the euro area in the years before and in the first eight years after the introduction of EMU appear to be positively related to the respective differences between their Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) inflation and average HICP inflation in the euro area. Conversely, relative wage growth differentials across euro area countries have been somewhat unrelated to relative productivity growth differentials. Some countries combine positive wage growth differentials and negative productivity growth differentials vis-à-vis the euro area average over an extended period – and hence positive unit labour cost growth differentials. These countries run the risk of accumulating competitiveness losses and it is therefore a challenge to ensure that the necessary adjustment mechanisms operate fully, in the sense that wage developments are sufficiently flexible and reflect productivity developments. Wage growth persistence within individual euro area countries – largely reflecting inflation persistence and certain institutional factors – might also have contributed somewhat to wage growth differentials across the euro area countries. Moreover, wage level convergence has also played a role in explaining wage growth patterns in the 1980s and the 1990s. However, since 1999, the link between the initial compensation level and the subsequent growth rate of compensation per employee appears barely significant. The study also shows a limited co-movement of wage growth across countries, even in the context of a high degree of business cycle synchronisation seen in the last few years. This suggests that the impact on wage growth of country-specific developments across euro area countries has been larger than the impact of common cyclical developments and external shocks. This could reflect the normal and desirable working of adjustment mechanisms, which – in an optimally functioning currency union with synchronised business cycles – would take place via price and cost and wage developments. On the other hand, structural impediments, for example a relatively low degree of openness in domestically-oriented sectors in some countries, might prevent a stronger link between the degree of synchronisation of wage growth rates and business cycles. JEL Classification: E24, E31, C10.Cross-country wage dispersion, wage and productivity levels across countries and sectors.

Exploring the latest paradigm shift in organizational consciousness development, by using the framework from Reinventing Organizations

Issue of study - A high level of organizational consciousness is needed to face the complex challenges in today's world. A growing body of research indicates the relationship between a higher level of organizational consciousness and performance. Frederic Laloux, author of Reinventing Organizations (2014), has created a five stage framework to describe how organizational forms are related to consciousness development. From an organizational perspective, each new level of consciousness has introduced new breakthrough ideas, creating abilities to face more complex challenges and achieve results of unprecedented scale. Laloux's work is referred to as significant, as it covers five levels of organizational consciousness and culture, different organizational structures and multiple lines of development. Laloux has focused on the latest societal transformation, the fifth stage called Evolutionary-Teal, which is emerging as people seek for a more powerful, more soulful and more meaningful way of work together. Laloux's framework from Reinventing Organizations will be referred to the RIO framework in this thesis. There are, to the author’s knowledge, no study that has empirically examined the applicability of the RIO framework. The case company of this thesis, Kvadrat, fits well to examine the applicability of the RIO framework. Kvadrat was founded on the urge to create a new type of organization, which would reinvent how consultancy firms operates. Purposes P1. Examine the applicability of the RIO framework P2. Contribute to Kvadrat’s self-awareness "Examine the applicability” refers to research the applicability of RIO, by applying RIO on an empirical case. As a consequence, this thesis will also examine RIO´s ability to determine Kvadrat’s stage of consciousness with the purpose to contribute to Kvadrat’s self-awareness. Methodology - A qualitative case study with a deductive approach was conducted, beginning with the development of an analysis matrix to form the interview guide. Empirical data was collected though semi-structured interviews, company-specific documents and a discussion regarding the findings with 130 members of the case company. The theoretical foundation for the RIO framework, and in particular the highest stage, Evolutionary-Teal, was investigated through literature research. Conclusion - Laloux's framework from Reinventing Organizations was possible to apply on the case company Kvadrat. The result shows that Kvadrat's stage of consciousness mostly corresponds to the fourth stage, with a touch of the fifth stage, Evolutionary-Teal, in the RIO framework. The framework provided the case company with a new perspective to perceive itself. Introducing RIO and the company’s position within it thereby contributed to Kvadrat’s self-awareness. Further on, the theoretical bridge between the fifth and highest stage, Teal, and the underlying theories has been identified

Svenska hotellkonsortier - utformning, förväntan och påverkan

De senaste decennierna har samarbeten mellan företag vuxit fram som en allt vanligare organisationsform. Till stor del beror det på den ökande globalisering som har lett till att konkurrensen har ökat och att mer resurser krävs för att nå en framträdande marknadsposition. I hotellbranschen har en organisationsform kallat konsortium vuxit fram. Ett konsortium är en organisation av fristående hotell som strävar efter att samarbeta och dela på resurser. Existerande forskning om hotellkonsortier är främst gjord i Storbritannien och USA; i en svensk kontext är hotellkonsortier däremot outforskat. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka hur den svenska konsortiemarknaden ser ut samt vad det är som lockar fristående hotell att ingå i konsortier och vilket utfallet blivit. Resultatet visar att svenska konsortiers erbjudande skiljer sig något från det tidigare forskning visat. Resultatet pekar också på att hotellierer upplever en svårighet att som egen aktör stå upp mot konkurrensen i branschen och att konsortiesamarbete är en strategi för att öka lönsamheten. Vi ser dock en paradox i vad hotellen hoppas åstadkomma med samarbetet och vad de faktiskt uppnår

Socialarbetares arbetssituation -En kvalitativ studie om sex socialarbetares framställning av sin psykosociala arbetssituation på en ungdomsinstitution

The psychosocial work environment is a phenomenon that has become noticed in recent years. Previous research shows that working conditions for social workers working with children and young people in institutions is one of the professions where there is the highest risk of mental stress. With this in mind, the purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers in a youth institution in eastern Norway presented its psychosocial work situation to get a deeper understanding of whether and how their experiences were related to the psychosocial factors demands, control and social support. To fulfill the purpose, I have used a qualitative approach which was based on six semi-structured interviews. Karasek and Theorells (1990) demand-control-supportmodel has been used to analyze the collected empirical data. The results showed that the informants in comparison to previous research experienced a good psychosocial work situation. The social workers experienced high work demands, high self-control and high social support, especially from colleagues. Based on demand-control-support model's four work situations the social workers were placed in the category named active jobs , which is the most healthy work category . The results made clear that social support is the key component to experience a good psychosocial working environment since named support is the basis for the knowledge required to manage high demands

Konkursboets miljörättsliga ansvar - efterbehandlingsansvaret vid ett bolags konkurs

En grundläggande princip inom konkursrätten är att konkursboet inte ansvarar för gäldenärens tidigare förpliktelser. Miljörätten däremot är uppbyggd runt syftet att kunna utkräva ansvar från en stor krets av fysiska och juridiska personer, detta i syfte att skydda nuvarande och kommande generationer. Det problematiska är att kombinera dessa två lagstiftningar och syften. Syftet för den här framställningen är att utreda vilket ansvar konkursboet har för efterbehandling i fall då konkursbolaget har bedrivit miljöfarlig verksamhet. För att besvara denna frågeställning har en utredning gjorts om när konkursboet anses vara verksamhetsutövare. I syfte att få ett mer praktiskt perspektiv har även möjligheterna för konkursboet att begränsa eller undvika ansvar för efterbehandling utretts. Miljöfarlig verksamhet kan bedrivas antingen aktivt eller passivt, det senare genom förvaring av miljöfarligt avfall. För att ett konkursbo ska anses vara verksamhetsutövare för en aktiv verksamhet krävs det att boet har fortsatt att bedriva denna i någon mening. Domstolarna har gjort en vidsträckt tolkning, vilket innebär att nästan alla åtgärder kopplade till driften kan leda till att konkursboet anses vara verksamhetsutövare. Exempelvis har ansvar utdömts då boet upprätthöll rening vid en gruva. Det förutsättas dock faktisk och rättslig möjlighet att vidta åtgärder mot olägenheter och störningar. Vid förvaringsfall anses den miljöfarliga verksamheten pågående under den tid det miljöfarliga avfallet finns på fastigheten. Konkursboet anses då vara verksamhetsutövare om det har faktisk och rättslig rådighet över avfallet. På frågan vad ett konkursbo kan göra för att undvika ett miljörättsligt ansvar visar utredningen att den metod som står till buds är att helt undvika att befatta sig med egendomen som är förorenad eller bidrar till föroreningen. Detta institut benämns abandonering och innebär att konkursförvaltningen inte omhändertar egendomen utan istället helt avstår denna. Andra fall då konkursboet har undvikit ansvar är då gäldenärens verksamhet har upphört före konkursen.A fundamental principle within the bankruptcy law is that the bankruptcy estate is not responsible for the debtor’s prior obligations. The environmental law is built around the purpose of enabling the enforcement system to demand accountability from a large group of corporations and persons. This, for the purpose of protecting present and future generations. An important matter is how to combine these different legislations and purposes. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the estate’s responsibility for post-treatment when the debtor has been involved in environmentally hazardous activities. To be able to answer this question an inquiry has been done regarding when the estate is considered being an operator. In order to get a more practical perspective, the possibilities for the bankruptcy estate to limit or avoid responsibility for post-treatment have also been examined. Environmentally hazardous activities can be carried out actively or passively, the latter through storage of hazardous waste. For an estate to be considered as an operator of an active business it is required that the estate has continued the business in some way. The courts have made an extensive interpretation. This means that almost any measure taken, connected to the operation of the business, leads to the conclusion that the estate is an operator. For example, an estate been found responsible for the post-treatment when it maintained the de-pollution in a mine. For an estate to be found responsible it must, however, be practically and legally possible to take measures against inconveniences and disturbances. In cases of storage of hazardous waste the hazardous activity is considered an ongoing operation during the time the waste is placed at the property. The estate is then responsible if it has actual and legal control of it. Regarding what the estate can do to avoid environmental responsibilities the inquiry shows that the best course of action is to completely avoid the hazardous property. The trustee will then abandon the property instead of bringing it in to the bankruptcy estate. Other situations when the estate has avoided responsibility are when the debtor’s business has closed down before the bankruptcy