Fysiologiska förändringar vid administration av butorfanol till friska getter : Physiological changes in healthy goats when administered butorphanol

Sammanfattning Idag genomförs många smärtsamma ingrepp på getter, så som kastrering och avhorning. Trots att det i svensk lagstiftning står att djur inte får utsättas för onödigt lidande finns det idag få smärtlindrande läkemedel som är godkända till get. Tidigare studier har visat att opioiden buprenorfin är olämpligt till getter. Syftet med den här studien var att genom att mäta olika fysiologiska parametrar undersöka om opioiden butorfanol kan vara eller inte vara ett lämpligt medel för getter. Läkemedlet är idag godkänt som smärtlindring till häst, hund och katt. I det här examensarbetet har de fysiologiska förändringarna som butorfanol kan ha gett upphov till undersökts. Parallellt med detta har ytterligare två examensarbeten skrivits, det ena med fokus på kinetiken och det andra med fokus på beteendeförändringar. Åtta icke dräktiga, icke lakterande getter lottades slumpmässigt ut till en av två behandlingar i en så kallad ”cross-over design” koksalt eller butorfanol. Försöket upprepades två veckor senare då getterna fick den andra behandlingen som de inte fick första gången. Getterna var därmed sin egen kontroll. Blodprover togs regelbundet, före och efter butorfanol-administreringen, respektive koksaltadministreringen och analyserades med avseende på butorfanolets kinetik samt hematokrit, plasmaprotein, kortisol och vasopressin. Vilken behandling djuren fick var under försöket okänt för de som utförde analyserna. De fysiologiska resultaten visade att hematokriten och koncentrationen av totala plasmaproteiner var högre efter butorfanoladministreringen jämfört med när getterna fått koksalt. Det fanns inga skillnader mellan behandlingarna i koncentrationerna av kortisol och vasopressin. Resultaten var förvånande då opiater generellt brukar öka koncentrationen av kortisol i plasma. Getterna reagerade dock ytterst individuellt och vissa individer hade förhöjda nivåer av kortisol. Sammanfattningsvis tyder resultaten från studierna i kinetik, fysiologi och beteende på att butorfanol under kortvarig smärta kan vara ett lämpligt läkemedel till getter. Dock måste fler studier göras på både friska getter och getter i smärttillstånd.Abstract Today many painful procedures in goats are conducted, such as castration and dehorning. Although the Swedish law states that animals should not be subjected to unnecessary suffering, there are currently few analgesic drugs that are approved for goats. Previous studies have shown that the drug buprenophine, for several reasons, is unsuitable for goats. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the drug butorphanol may be an appropriate drug for goats by measuring different physiological parameters. The drug is currently approved for pain relief in horses, dogs and cats. In this thesis, the physiological changes that butorphanol may cause are investigated. In parallel with this, two other theses were written, one focused on the kinetics and the other was focusing on behavioral changes in the goats. Eight goats, seven months old, not pregnant and not lactating were randomly assigned to one of two treatments in a so-called "cross-over design": saline or butorphanol. The experiment was repeated two weeks later where the goats were assigned the second treatment. The goats were acting as its’ own positive control. At regular intervals, blood samples were taken, a total of 12 samples/ goat and test occasion. The blood samples were analysed for butorphanol and concentrations of cortisol, vasopressin, plasma proteins and hematocrit. The results showed that the hematocrit and total plasma protein concentrations were significantly higher when the goats received butorphanol, but there were no differences in the concentrations of plasma cortisol and vasopressin between treatments. However, there were great individual differences. In conclusion, the kinetics, physiology and behavior of the goats after butorphanol administration indicate that butorphanol may be an appropriate drug and analgesic for goats. However, more studies need to be performed

De avgörande faktorerna för import av nötkött i Sverige

This paper investigates the determinants of Swedish beef imports using a Vector Autoregression and a Vector Error Correction model. By examining which variables responsible for the volume demanded on imported beef, one can understand how domestic beef production can compete and regain market shares from imported beef. A market relocation has been seen in recent years where country of origin, animal welfare, and environmental issues has been highlighted. Swedish authorities suggest that Swedish beef has an advantage concerning these aspects. The literature records a growing demand for added value at beef production and local beef. Price is crucial when it comes to choices of beef to purchase according to economic theory which somewhat contradicts the literature recordings. Therefore, this paper investigates if added value is of importance when choosing between Swedish or imported beef. The results are comprehended for both the short and long run. The results show that beef import is significantly positively influenced by factors such as Gross National Income export and its price. This corresponds to economic theory in which the demand is dependent on the consumer budget whereas an increase in income, which in this study is measured by Gross National Income, will increase demand for all normal goods. Export and its price are indirect variables for the budget since export increases revenue and thereafter the budget. Local beef has less elasticity than other beef. Therefore, the assumption of Swedish beef having an advantage in the local origin aspects. It is also assumed that Sweden has a less negative effect of added value, which is supported by the findings. Irrespective of the lag length, domestic production, import price, and added value is the variables with negative impact on import in both models. This confirms earlier literature about consumers preferring added value beef with Swedish origin. On the other hand, imported beef has a greater advantage in the lower price for which domestic beef does not have a larger market share. The origin and the higher added value that Swedish beef involves seeming to be the filling between the price gap in between import and domestic beef as the market shares are on a fifty percent level between the two. In the short-run model, the variables had more impact on imported beef. This is interpreted as the importance of the allocation in consumer preference not being recorded long enough for addressing as a trend in the long-run model. Omitted variables can also be influencing a long-run result

Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av tvångsåtgärder inom den slutna sjukvården. En litteraturstudie.

Sjuksköterskan har en central roll när patienter vårdas med tvång och det råder kunskapsbrist om sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av tvångsåtgärder. Syftet med studien var att sammanställa och beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda med tvångsåtgärder inom slutenvården. 14 vetenskapliga artiklar har i en litteraturöversikt sammanställts och analyserats. I resultatet framkom tre huvudteman: känslouttryck, etiska reflektioner och avdelningens arbetsmiljö. Känslor som uttrycktes var skuld, rädsla, ilska och tillfreds. I etiska reflektioner framkom en önskan att göra gott samt en konflikt mellan tvång och autonomi. Erfarenheter av arbetsmiljöns inverkan på tvångsåtgärder var personskador, säkerhet, kunskapsnivå och genusperspektiv. Sammanfattningsvis används tvångsåtgärder i sjukvården som sista alternativ och etiska dilemman uppstår när det tillämpas. Skillnader i känslor hos sjuksköterskor framkom mellan olika länder samt skillnader mellan kvinnliga och manliga sjuksköterskor, vilket bör lyftas vidare i framtida studier

The effect of fertilization on production with varying stems per hectares on Scots pine

Studien är uppbyggd på röjningsförsök som lagts ut av Sven-Olof Andersson i början av 1970-talet. Studien handlar om samspelseffekten mellan röjningsförband och gödsling. Försöket är uppdelat på tre olika lokaler i Sverige, Virsbo, Hedeviken och Siljansfors. Alla lokaler har ett antal avdelningar som efter röjning fått olika stamantal (600, 1400, resp. 2500 stammar/ha) och man har sedan försökets början mätt och behandlat avdelningarna med gödsling på olika sätt. Data från de tre lokalerna har sedan använts som underlag till analyser i Excel och Minitab. Målet med arbetet var att se om det fanns någon samspelseffekt mellan stamantal/ha och gödslingens effekt på total volymproduktion, diametertillväxt samt höjdtillväxt. Resultatet visade inte på någon statistiskt signifikant samspelseffekt. En del brister uppmärksammades i datamaterialet rörande antalet replikat och med tanke på detta skulle man efter ytterligare analyser med bättre material och fler replikat kunna komma fram till att det kanske kan finnas ett svagt samspel.The study is built on trials about pre-commercial thinning plots founded by Sven-Olof Andersson in the beginning of the 1970’s. The study is about the interaction effect between pre-commercial thinning and nitrogen fertilization. The trials are dispersed over three different locations in Sweden, in Virsbo, Hedeviken and Siljansfors. Every site has a number of sections, where each section have received a specific number of stems (600-,1400- & 2500- stems per hectare) after pre-commercial thinning. Since the beginning, the sections have been measured and treated with fertilization in different ways. Data from the three sites were used as material for analyses in Excel and Minitab. The purpose of this study was to find an interaction effect between a specific number of stems per hectare and fertilization on the production of tree volume growth, height and diameter. The result of the study showed that there were no significant effect of the interaction effect between the number of stems and fertilization. There were some flaws detected in the material considering replications. Because of this lack in the dataset, further studies and analyses with more replications could possibly show a small interaction effect between the two factors

Nature and health

Outdoor environments for health and well-being is the main topic for an international master’s programme offered at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, leading to a master's degree with a major in Landscape Architecture (120 credits). The programme is offered at full time and part time study. Each course includes 2-4 meetings. The programme offers both theoretical foundation within environmental perception, place attachment and landscape architecture. There are courses covering topics on health promoting outdoor environments for different groups of users ranging from public places for children’s play and education for elderly in sheltered living. The courses also focus on specific target groups with specific needs such as rehabilitation or therapy. Two such courses are: 1) Nature-Based Interventions (NBI), with focus on the different types of outdoor environments where the na-tural space is the primary element of the intervention (focus on the landscape and places as health promoting resources) and the course 2) Nature-Assisted Interventions (NAI), with focus on nature and natural elements such as plants and animals as a medium in a health promoting intervention with focus on activi-ties (focus on the actvities that can be perfor-med either outdoors or indoors such as hospitals, elder care homes, schools, space shuttles/in space, etc.). This factsheet is based on students’ work within the course Nature-Assisted Interven-tions during spring 2018. The course is divided into four modules where the two first blocks provide overview and introduction into the field of research on plant-human interactions and animal-human interactions as well as introduction to practical examples in real world situations. The third module is performed as a case study, where the student visit and study practical examples of Nature-Assisted Interventions with focus on activities (independent of place - outdoors or indoors). The last module focuses on abstraction of knowledge from the cases. The students presented their cases for each other in smaller groups and afterwards, extracted what they understood as the “core essences” of NAI. From there, the students discussed and wrote abstracts on the topic illustrated in posters, presented in this factsheet

Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a $Z$ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 $< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $2.5 < \eta < 4$. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb$^{-1}$. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages

Study of the B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} decay

The decay $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ is studied in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. In the $\Lambda_{c}^+ K^{-}$ system, the $\Xi_{c}(2930)^{0}$ state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is resolved into two narrower states, $\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}$ and $\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}$, whose masses and widths are measured to be $$m(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = 2924.5 \pm 0.4 \pm 1.1 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ m(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = 2938.5 \pm 0.9 \pm 2.3 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = \phantom{000}4.8 \pm 0.9 \pm 1.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},\\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = \phantom{00}11.0 \pm 1.9 \pm 7.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},$$ where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a prompt $\Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ sample. Evidence of a new $\Xi_{c}(2880)^{0}$ state is found with a local significance of $3.8\,\sigma$, whose mass and width are measured to be $2881.8 \pm 3.1 \pm 8.5\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and $12.4 \pm 5.3 \pm 5.8 \,\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode $\Xi_{c}(2790)^{0} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ is found with a significance of $3.7\,\sigma$. The relative branching fraction of $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ with respect to the $B^{-} \to D^{+} D^{-} K^{-}$ decay is measured to be $2.36 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.25$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb public pages

Measurement of the ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) and R(D0)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})

The ratios of branching fractions $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})\equiv\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})\equiv\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ are measured, assuming isospin symmetry, using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb${ }^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode $\tau^{-}\to\mu^{-}\nu_{\tau}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$. The measured values are $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})=0.281\pm0.018\pm0.024$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})=0.441\pm0.060\pm0.066$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The correlation between these measurements is $\rho=-0.43$. Results are consistent with the current average of these quantities and are at a combined 1.9 standard deviations from the predictions based on lepton flavor universality in the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-039.html (LHCb public pages