Particle size and morphological characterization of cosmetic emulsified systems by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

The physicochemical attributes of emulsified systems are influenced by the characteristics of their internal phase droplets (concentration, size and morphology), which can be modified not only by the formulation components, but also by the analytical methodology employed. Thus, the aim of this work involved the physicochemical characterization of cosmetic emulsions obtained from different surfactants, as well as the introduction of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) as the analytical technique employed for the morphological characterization and particle size determination of the formulations. Three emulsions were prepared, differing at the type and concentration of the surfactant used, and their droplet sizes were evaluated through optical microscopy, laser diffraction and OCT. The microscopic analysis and the laser diffraction techniques provided an average particle size minor than 6.0 µm, not detected by the OCT technique, which could identify only bigger particles of the emulsified systems' internal phase. The results testify that OCT was suitable for the morphological characterization of cosmetic emulsions; however, the technique needs to be improved to ensure a better sensitivity in the analysis of smaller particles.Os atributos físico-químicos de sistemas emulsionados são influenciados pelas características de suas gotículas de fase interna (concentração, tamanho e morfologia), as quais podem ser modificadas não apenas pelos componentes da formulação, mas também pela metodologia analítica empregada. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho envolveu a caracterização físico-química de emulsões cosméticas obtidas a partir de diferentes tensoativos, bem como a introdução da tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) como a técnica analítica utilizada para a caracterização morfológica e determinação do tamanho de partícula das formulações. Três emulsões foram preparadas, diferindo no tipo e concentração do tensoativo empregado, e seus tamanhos de gotícula foram avaliados por meio das técnicas de microscopia óptica, difração a laser e OCT. As técnicas de microscopia óptica e difração a laser forneceram tamanhos de partícula médios menores de 6.0 µm, não detectados pela técnica de OCT, que permitiu apenas a identificação de partículas maiores pertencentes à fase interna dos sistemas emulsionados. Os resultados reforçam a introdução da OCT como metodologia promissora para a caracterização morfológica de emulsões cosméticas; no entanto, a técnica requer aprimoramento para garantir maior sensibilidade na análise de partículas de menor tamanho

Hair fiber characteristics and methods to evaluate hair physical and mechanical properties

The hair thread is a natural fiber formed by keratin, a protein containing high concentration of sulfur coming from the amino acid cystine. The main physical proprieties of the hair depend mostly on its geometry; the physical and mechanical properties of hair involve characteristics to improve: elasticity, smoothness, volume, shine, and softness due to both the significant adherence of the cuticle scales and the movement control (malleability), as well as the easiness of combing, since they reduce the fibers static electricity. The evaluation of these effects on hair may be carried out by several methods, as: optical and electron microscopy, mechanical resistance measuring, shine evaluation and optical coherence tomography (OCT).O cabelo é uma fibra natural formada por queratina, uma proteína composta por teor elevado de enxofre proveniente da cistina. As propriedades principais do cabelo dependem de sua geometria, estrutura física. Características físicas e mecânicas das fibras capilares envolvem propriedades que melhoram: elasticidade, maciez, volume, maleabilidade, facilidade para o ato de pentear e brilho. A avaliação de tais propriedades do cabelo pode ser obtida por métodos diversos, como: microscopia óptica e eletrônica, mensuração da resistência mecânica, determinação do brilho e tomografia por coerência óptica (OCT).(CNPq) National Council for Scientific and Technological DevelopmentCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)FAPES

Hair fiber characteristics and methods to evaluate hair physical and mechanical properties

The hair thread is a natural fiber formed by keratin, a protein containing high concentration of sulfur coming from the amino acid cystine. The main physical proprieties of the hair depend mostly on its geometry; the physical and mechanical properties of hair involve characteristics to improve: elasticity, smoothness, volume, shine, and softness due to both the significant adherence of the cuticle scales and the movement control (malleability), as well as the easiness of combing, since they reduce the fibers static electricity. The evaluation of these effects on hair may be carried out by several methods, as: optical and electron microscopy, mechanical resistance measuring, shine evaluation and optical coherence tomography (OCT).O cabelo é uma fibra natural formada por queratina, uma proteína composta por teor elevado de enxofre proveniente da cistina. As propriedades principais do cabelo dependem de sua geometria, estrutura física. Características físicas e mecânicas das fibras capilares envolvem propriedades que melhoram: elasticidade, maciez, volume, maleabilidade, facilidade para o ato de pentear e brilho. A avaliação de tais propriedades do cabelo pode ser obtida por métodos diversos, como: microscopia óptica e eletrônica, mensuração da resistência mecânica, determinação do brilho e tomografia por coerência óptica (OCT)

BIOLOGICAL TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION BY OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY

Neste trabalho implementamos dois sistemas de OCT, um deles utilizando fibras ópticas e um estágio de translação linear como sistema de deslocamento e foi desenvolvido no departamento de Física da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. O outro sistema de OCT foi baseado um interferômetro de Michelson convencional, foi implementado no Centro de Lasers e Aplicações no Ipen utilizando a técnica de introdução de atraso com grade de difração e galvanômetro (fast Fourier Scanning), como sistema de varredura longitudinal. Foi implementado e um programa computacional para aquisição de dados automática, com geração das imagens de OCT em \"tempo real\". Com os sistemas desenvolvidos, foi possível detectar objetos imersos em meios espalhadores, detectar lesões de cáries induzidas in vitro quimicamente ou microbiologicamente, sendo este último um resultado original, além de avaliar a qualidade de restaurações dentárias. É importante destacar ainda que as alterações nas propriedades ópticas dos tecidos cariados podem ser detectadas pelo método de OCT muito antes de se tornarem aparentes aos métodos convencionais de detecção. Ela pode extrair informações quantitativas sobre a birrefringência do tecido, quando a técnica for sensível à polarização. Demonstramos que a análise de Fourier aplicada ao sinal de OCT permite detectar deslocamentos em sistemas periódicos e quase periódicos, abaixo do limite de resolução espacial definido pelo comprimento de coerência da fonte óptica. Com o auxílio desta metodologia aqui desenvolvida, mostramos que nosso sistema, com resolução de 10 ?m, é capaz de detectar variações em redes periódicas de algumas centenas de nanômetros entre as estruturas espalhadoras. Este desenvolvimento é uma contribuição inédita às aplicações de OCT.Two Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) systems were implemented, one using optical fiber and other with a conventional Michelson interferometer. Also, two linear translation stages were utilized, and the conventional one uses a fast Fourier scanning system, where a delay in the optical path is introduced by a grating and a galvanometric mirror. A computational program allowed for a parallel time acquisition image formation. This system allowed for the detection of an immersed object in a turbid medium, subclinical caries lesion in human tooth, chemically and biologically induced by pH cycling and bacteria, and this last result being original. Besides, the method allowed for the evaluation of the quality of dental restoration. It is important to mention that the OCT technique allows the detection of optical changes much before they become apparent for conventional methods of detection and it is possible to quantify the birefringence when the polarization sensitive technique is used. Applying a Fourier transform on the OCT signal provided by periodical or quasi-periodical structures, the spatial resolution was increased well bellow the coherence length. In our case, this length was 10 ?m it was decreased to hundreds of nm

Princípios fisicos básicos do exame de tomografia de coerência óptica

Tomografia por coerência óptica (OCT – sigla referente a optical coherence tomography) é um exame de imagem não invasivo, capaz de gerar análises da seção transversal de tecidos biológicos. O exame de OCT gera imagens a partir da luz refletida e retroespalhada pelos materiais, possuindo diversas aplicações em várias áreas da saúde, como na oftalmologia, cardiologia e gastroenterologia por exemplo. O escopo deste texto é apresentar de forma didática os princípios do funcionamento da tomografia obtida através de fontes de luz coerentes

Evaluation of caries-affected dentin with optical coherence tomography

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of demineralization of artificially induced caries-affected human dentin by an in vitro microbiological method. The occlusal surfaces of 6 human molar teeth were abraded until a flat surface was obtained, and the enamel was removed to expose the occlusal dentin surface. These teeth were sectioned in 12 halves in the vestibular-lingual direction and divided into 3 groups according to the period length of the microbiological essay (n = 4): G1, 7 days; G2, 14 days; and G3, 21 days. The surfaces of all specimens were protected by an acid-resistant nail varnish, except for a window where the caries lesion was induced by a Streptoccocus mutans biofilm in a batch-culture model supplemented with 5% sucrose. The specimens were then analyzed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) with a super-luminescent light diode (Λ = 930 nm) with 6.0-µm lateral and longitudinal resolution (in the air). Qualitative and quantitative results (images and average dentin demineralization, respectively) were obtained. The mean demineralization depths were (µm) 235 ± 31.4, 279 ± 14, and 271 ± 8.3 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In addition, no significant change was observed in the lesion mean depth from 7 days of cariogenic challenge on. In conclusion, OCT was shown to be an efficient and non-invasive method to detect the depths of lesions caused by demineralization. Further, a seven-day demineralization time was considered sufficient for caries-affected dentin to be obtained

Evaluation of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Analysis of Animal Tissues

The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LIBS) for the determination of elements in animal tissues. Sample pellets were prepared from certified reference materials, such as liver, kidney, muscle, hepatopancreas, and oyster, after cryogenic grinding assisted homogenization. Individual samples were placed in a two-axis computer-controlled translation stage that moved in the plane orthogonal to a beam originating from a Ti:Sapphire chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) laser system operating at 800 mu and producing a train of 840 mu J and 40 fs pulses at 90 Hz. The plasma emission was coupled into the optical fiber of a high-resolution intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD)-echelle spectrometer. Time-resolved characteristics of the laser-produced plasmas showed that the best results were obtained with delay times between 80 and 120 ns. Data obtained indicate both that it is a matrix-independent sampling process and that fs-LIBS can be used for the determination of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and P, but efforts must be made to obtain more appropriate detection limits for Al, Sr, and Zn.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)IPEN CNEN, Ctr Lasers & Aplicacoes, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Ctr Energia Nucl Agr, Lab Quim Analit Henrique Bergamin Filho, BR-13416000 Piracicaba, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 98/14270-8FAPESP: 00/15135-9FAPESP: 04/15965-2FAPESP: 05/50773-0FAPESP: 06/06466-8CNPq: 477385/2006-0CNPq: 301285/2006-3Web of Scienc

Evaluation of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Analysis of Animal Tissues

The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LIBS) for the determination of elements in animal tissues. Sample pellets were prepared from certified reference materials, such as liver, kidney, muscle, hepatopancreas, and oyster, after cryogenic grinding assisted homogenization. Individual samples were placed in a two-axis computer-controlled translation stage that moved in the plane orthogonal to a beam originating from a Ti:Sapphire chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) laser system operating at 800 mu and producing a train of 840 mu J and 40 fs pulses at 90 Hz. The plasma emission was coupled into the optical fiber of a high-resolution intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD)-echelle spectrometer. Time-resolved characteristics of the laser-produced plasmas showed that the best results were obtained with delay times between 80 and 120 ns. Data obtained indicate both that it is a matrix-independent sampling process and that fs-LIBS can be used for the determination of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and P, but efforts must be made to obtain more appropriate detection limits for Al, Sr, and Zn.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)[98/14270-8]Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)[00/15135-9]Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)[04/15965-2]Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)[05/50773-0]Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)[06/06466-8]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvinnento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)[477385/2006-0]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvinnento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)[301285/2006-3