Effect of salt concentrations on the growth of heat-stressed and unstressed escherichia coli

The effect sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) concentration on the growth of Escherichia coli cells cultivated at 37 and 44°C was studied in an effort to understand the importance of the salts and glucose in medium to the growth of E. coli. A turbidimetric method was used to measure the growth of E. coli after a 24 hours incubation period. The turbidimetric method used gave a high correlation (R2 = 0.9606) with the traditional surface colony count method. Four sets of salt concentrations, 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% (w/v), were employed throughout this study. Absence of NaCl in the medium was found to slightly decrease the growth of E. coli at 37°C. E. coli grew optimally at 0.5% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Addition of 0.5% KCl was found to have less beneficial effect on the growth of E. coli at 37°C compared to cells grown in medium with 0.5% NaCl. Increase in the concentrations of both salts above 0.5% decreased growth at 37°C. The extent to which growth was suppressed was directly proportional to the concentration of salts. At zero concentration of both salts, growth of E. coli was very low at 44°C. Increase in the concentrations of both NaCl and KCl from 0.5% to 1.5% resulted in growth enhancement. Glucose affected significantly the growth of E. coli at 37°C. Addition of 140 mM (w/ v) of glucose to the medium increased the growth of E. coli at 37°C to a greater extent than was obtained by salt addition. However, the addition of the same concentration of glucose was found to have only a very slight effect on growth at 44°C

Conformal Scalar Propagation on the Schwarzschild Black-Hole Geometry

The vacuum activity generated by the curvature of the Schwarzschild black-hole geometry close to the event horizon is studied for the case of a massless, conformal scalar field. The associated approximation to the unknown, exact propagator in the Hartle-Hawking vacuum state for small values of the radial coordinate above $r = 2M$ results in an analytic expression which manifestly features its dependence on the background space-time geometry. This approximation to the Hartle-Hawking scalar propagator on the Schwarzschild black-hole geometry is, for that matter, distinct from all other. It is shown that the stated approximation is valid for physical distances which range from the event horizon to values which are orders of magnitude above the scale within which quantum and backreaction effects are comparatively pronounced. An expression is obtained for the renormalised $$ in the Hartle-Hawking vacuum state which reproduces the established results on the event horizon and in that segment of the exterior geometry within which the approximation is valid. In contrast to previous results the stated expression has the superior feature of being entirely analytic. The effect of the manifold's causal structure to scalar propagation is also studied.Comment: 34 pages, 2 figures. Published on line on October 16, 2009 and due to appear in print in Gen.Rel.Gra

COMPARISON OF KINEMATICS AND ACCURACY OF OVERHAND AMERICAN FOOTBALL THROWING

This study examined elbow angle, wrist velocity and throwing accuracy during American Football throws. Six repetitions of three types of throws: Self-selected pass (SS), Lob pass (L), and a Bullet pass (B); were performed to hit a point scaled target from 10.97 m. Independent variables were frontal plane shoulder angle (more or less than 90º) and throw type; dependent variables were elbow angle in the sagittal plane, wrist velocity at ball release, and accuracy. There were no differences for shoulder angle for any variable; while throw types differed only for wrist speed (highest to lowest B, SS, and L). Significant interactions occurred for all variables. These findings suggest that recommendations for American football throwing technique are complicated by the combination of throw type and shoulder angle; and that with no restrictions subjects will throw with more accuracy

PENGARUH ANGGARAN DANA BANTUAN OPERASIONAL SEKOLAH TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS TENAGA KERJA DI KOTA BITUNG

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh anggaran dana bantuan operasional sekolah terhadap produktivitas tenaga kerja di Kota Bitung dan untuk mengetahui karakteristik tenaga kerja dan dana bantuan operasional sekolah di Kota Bitung. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui metode wawancara akan digunakan untuk mencari data kualitatif yang berkaitan dengan upaya peningkatan alokasi dana Bos. Wawancara (inteview) dilakukan dengan beberapa pihak Tim Bos Sekolah Menengah pertama Negeri di kota Bitung.  Analisis data pada penelitian ini menggunakan bantuan EViews 8. Dalam penelitian ini meliputi Uji normalitas, Uji Heteroskedasitas, Uji Autokorelasi. Uji Multikolinearitas dan analisis regresi liner berganda, untuk menguji dan membuktikan hipotesis penelitian. Berdasarkan analisis regresi linear berganda diperoleh model persamaan yaitu : Produktifitas Tenaga Kerja = 9,068 + 0,104 Dana BOS. Berdasarkan persamaan regresi menunjukkan bahwa variabel X1 (Dana BOS) mempunyai koefisien regresi positif dengan penyerapan tenaga kerja b1 = 0.104424 bertanda positif sebesar 0.104424 artinya menunjukkan apabila setiap kenaikan 1% Dana BOS, maka penyerapan tenaga kerja akan mengalami kenaikan sebesar 0.104424. Hasil penelitian koefisien regresi bernilai positif berarti terjadi hubungan positif antara Dana BOS dengan  penyerapan tenaga kerja. Kata kunci: dana bantuan operasional sekolah, produktivitas tenaga kerja ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the effect of the school operational assistance budget on labor productivity in Bitung City and to find out the characteristics of the workforce and school operational assistance funds in Bitung City.Data collection carried out through the interview method will be used to look for qualitative data relating to efforts to increase Bos's fund allocation. Interviews were conducted with several parties from the State Junior High School Boss Team in the city of Bitung.Data analysis in this study uses the help of EViews 8. In this study include normality test, heteroscedacity test, autocorrelation test. Multicollinearity test and multiple linear regression analysis, to test and prove the research hypothesis.Based on multiple linear regression analysis, the equation model is obtained: Labor Productivity = 9.068 + 0.104 BOS Funds. Based on the regression equation shows that variable X1 (BOS Fund) has a positive regression coefficient with absorption of labor b1 = 0.104424 which is positive at 0.104424 meaning that if every 1% increase in BOS Funds, then employment will increase by 0.104424.The results of the study of the regression coefficient are positive means that there is a positive relationship between BOS Funds and employment. Keywords: school operational assistance funds, labor productivit

How a Non-hierarchical Neutrino Mass Matrix Can Arise

One puzzle of neutrino masses and mixings is that they do not exhibit the kind of strong "hierarchy" that is found for the quarks and charged leptons. Neutrino mass ratios and mixing angles are not small. A possible reason for this is proposed here. It is based on the fact that typical realistic grand unified models contain particles with unification-scale masses which, when integrated out, can yield a neutrino mass matrix that is not of the standard seesaw form.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures, LaTe

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN PAJAK DAN RETRIBUSI TERHADAP BELANJA MODAL DAM DAMPAKNYA PADA PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI KOTA MANADO 2007-2015

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN PAJAK DAN RETRIBUSI TERHADAP BELANJA MODAL DAM DAMPAKNYA PADA PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI KOTA MANADO 2007-2015 Nofianti. L Halim, Anderson G Kumenaung, Daisy S,M Engka Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Magister Ilmu Ekonomi Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado Abstrak Alokasi belanja pemerintah sangat erat kaitannya dengan pembangunan yang terjadi di pusat maupun di daerah salah satunya adalah pembangunan dalam bidang ekonomi, tentu selain baik alokasi anggaran yang dikeluarkan pemerintah melalui belanja langsung dan belanja tidak langsung untuk pembangunan sector ekonomi maka akan semakin baik pula peningkatan atau pertumbuhan yang terjadi pada sector ekonomi tersebut yang secara agregat akan meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi.   Dalam penelitian ini digunakan analisis regresi berganda untuk melihat seberap besar pengaruh belanja langsung dan belanja tidak mempengaruhi peningkatan sector keuangan, real estate dan jasa keuangan. Dan dari hasil penghitungan matematika didapatkan hasil bahwa belanja langsung tidak mempunyai korelasi positif dan signifikan terhadap peningkatan sector yang diteliti, begitu pun dengan alokasi belanja tidak langsung mempunyai korelasi positif namun tingkat signifikansinya masih kurang apabila dilihat secara parsial. Namun pada saat dilakukan penghitungan R square didapatkan angka positif tingkat keterpengaruhan dua variable independent atau variable belanja belanja langsung dan tidak langsung terhadap variable dependent pertumbuhan ekonomi.   Kata kunci : Pajak, retribusi belanja modal, pertumbuhan ekonomi   Abstract The allocation of government spending is closely associated with the development that occurs in the central and local levels one of which is the development in the field of economics, of course in addition to better budget allocation by the government through direct expenditures and indirect expenditures for the construction sector of the economy, the better the increase or growth that occurred in the economic sector which in aggregate would increase economic growth.   In this study used multiple regression analysis to see the influence seberap direct expenditure and expenditure does not affect the increase in the financial sector, real estate and financial services. And the results of mathematical calculations showed that direct spending does not have a positive and significant correlation to increased sectors studied, as was the allocation of indirect expenditure has positive correlation but still less than the level of significance when seen partially. However, at the time of calculation of figures obtained  R  square positively influence level two independent variables or variable direct  expenditure and indirect expenditure the dependent variable economic growth.   Keywords: tax, levies, capital expenditure, economic growt

PENGARUH PERENCANAAN ANGGARAN TERHADAP PENYERAPAN ANGGARAN DI LINGKUNGAN INIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI

ABSTRAK Penganggaran merupakan suatu unsur atau bagian penting dalam sebuah perencanaan yang dibuat suatu entitas melalui tahap formulasi strategis terhadap alokasi sumber daya sebagai upaya pencapaian tujuan yang tergambar dalam visi  dan misi suatu organisasi atau perusahaan. Anggaran dapat digunakan sebagai alat perencanaan biaya dan pendapatan, komunikasi, motivasi, serta sebagai alat pengendali bagi atasan (superior) kepada bawahannya (subordinates). Perencanaan menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi serapan anggaran karena masih adanya anggapan bahwa tidak semua anggaran yang diusulkan akan disetujui, sehingga anggaran yang diusulkan lebih besar dari yang dibutuhkan tanpa memperhatikan kebutuhan riil di lapangan dan kemudahan dalam implementasinya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh belanja pegawai, belanja barang dan belanja modal terhadap penyerapan anggaran DIPA. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitan menunjukan bahwa anggaran belanja pegawai berpengaruh positif dan signifikan secara statistik terhadap penyerapan anggaran DIPA. Begitu juga dengan belanja barang yang berpengaruh positif  dan signifikan terhadap penyerapan anggaran DIPA. Belanja modal berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap penyerapan anggaran DIPA Kata Kunci: Belanja Pegawai, Belanja Barang, Belanja Modal dan Anggaran DIPA  ABSTRACT Budgeting is an important element or part of a plan made by an entity through the stage of strategic formulation of the allocation of resources as an effort to achieve the goals reflected in the vision and mission of an organization or company. The budget can be used as a cost and income planning tool, communication, motivation, and as a controlling tool for superiors (superior) to subordinates (subordinates). Planning is a factor that influences budget absorption because there is still an assumption that not all proposed budgets will be approved, so that the proposed budget is bigger than needed without regard to real needs in the field and ease of implementation. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the influence of employee spending, goods expenditure and capital expenditure on the absorption of the DIPA budget. The analysis technique used is multiple regression analysis. The research results show that the employee budget has a positive and statistically significant effect on the absorption of the DIPA budget. Likewise, the expenditure of goods has a positive and significant effect on the absorption of the DIPA budget. Capital expenditure has a positive and significant effect on the absorption of the DIPA budget Keywords: Employee Expenditures, Goods Expenditures, Capital Expenditures and DIPA Budge

Front Matter

Cover, table of contents, foreword by Father Matthew Kohmescher, S.M., acknowledgments by William P. Anderson

CHANGES IN UPPER EXTREMITY MUSCLE ACTIVATION IN THE PRESENCE OF STRESS

This study examined the muscle activity of the flexor digitorum (FD), biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), and pectoralis major (PM) during the American football throw with and without conditions of stress. Male subjects (n=5) with either football or baseball experience threw footballs at targets with distances of 12.91 m, 18.29 m, and 28.91 m. Throwing arm muscle activity was assessed via electromyography. Results showed that the flexor digitorum muscle had lower muscle activation for the stress condition at the long distance along with the pectoral muscle at the middle distance