The Petrogenesis of the Early Permian Variscan granites of the Cornubian Batholith - lower plate post-collisional peraluminous magmatism in the Rhenohercynian Zone of SW England

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.The Early Permian Cornubian Batholith was generated during an extensional regime following Variscan convergence within the Rhenohercynian Zone of SW England. Its component granites can be classified, using mineralogical, textural and geochemical criteria, into five main types, all of which are peraluminous (A/CNK >1.1): G1 (two-mica), G2 (muscovite), G3 (biotite), G4 (tourmaline) and G5 (topaz). G1 granites formed through up to 20% muscovite and minor biotite dehydration melting of a metagreywacke source at moderate temperatures and pressures (731-806°C, >5 kbar). Younger G3 granites formed through higher temperature, lower pressure (768-847°C, <4 kbar) biotite-dominated melting of a similar source. Partial melting was strongly influenced by the progressive lower-mid crustal emplacement of mafic igneous rocks during post-Variscan extension and a minor (<5- 10%) mantle-derived component in the granites is possible. Two distinct fractionation series, G1-G2 and G3-G4, are defined using whole rock geochemical and mineral chemical data. Variations in the major elements, Ba, Sr and Rb indicate that G1 and G3 granites underwent 15-30% fractionation of an assemblage dominated by plagioclase, alkali feldspar and biotite to form, more evolved G2 and G4 granites respectively. Decreasing whole rock abundances of Zr, Th and REE support fractionation of zircon, monazite, apatite and allanite. Subsolidus alteration in G2 and G4 granites is indicated by non-primary muscovite and tourmaline and modification of major and trace element trends for G3-G4 granites, particularly for P2O5 and Rb. Topaz (G5) granites show low Zr, REE and extreme enrichment in Rb (up to 1530 ppm) and Nb (79 ppm) that cannot be related in a straightforward manner to continued differentiation of the G1-G2 or G3-G4 series. Instead, they are considered to represent partial melting, mediated by granulite facies fluids, of a biotite-rich restite following extraction of G1 and/or G3 magmas; they do not exhibit the typical geochemical characteristics of intraplate A-type granites.This study was supported by the European Regional Development Fund and European Social Fund as part of the convergence funding for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (Combined Universities in Cornwall project number11200NCO5), supporting a PhD for BS, and the European Union (Horizon 2020 project 641650 FAME). The Natural History Museum, London, UK are thanked for the loan of samples. We thank Richard Scrivener and Nicholas LeBoutillier for help with sampling. Steve Pendray, Sharon Uren and Joe Pickles assisted with the sample preparation and analysis. Axel Müller and Karel Breiter are thanked for discussions about topaz granites. We gratefully acknowledge Romain Tartèse and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments which helped to improve the manuscript

Indium mineralisation in SW England: Host parageneses and mineralogical relations

This is the author accepted manuscript and is available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/. When the final article is assigned to volumes/issues of the publication, the Article in Press version will be removed replaced by the final version.The SW England ore region contains significant indium (In) in Early Permian granite-related skarn and lode parageneses and, to a lesser extent, Triassic epithermal “crosscourse” veins. Ore parageneses that predate granite emplacement (Devonian and Lower Carboniferous sedimentary exhalative and vein parageneses) are largely devoid of In. Cadmium (Cd) and gallium (Ga), in contrast, occur widely in all sulphide-bearing parageneses across the region with sphalerite concentrations locally reaching 1.74 wt% Cd and 1750 ppm Ga. Indium displays a strong affinity to sulphide-bearing magmatic-hydrothermal parageneses. It occurs in silicate-sulphide skarns, polymetallic sulphide lodes and sulphide-bearing portions of greisen-bordered sheeted vein systems and quartz-tourmaline lodes, veins and breccias across the region. Magnetite-silicate skarns and quartz-tourmaline lodes, veins and breccias that are devoid of sulphide, in contrast, were comparatively unfavourable for In precipitation. The highest In concentrations are found in mineral lodes associated with the Carnmenellis and St Agnes granites, which are the districts that had the highest historical production of Sn. Total In concentrations in these areas locally exceed 430 ppm, while concentrations elsewhere are systematically below 200 ppm. The principal In hosts are chalcopyrite, sphalerite and stannite group minerals with local concentrations within cassiterite and tennantite. No In was detected in löllingite, arsenopyrite, rutile, haematite, magnetite, tourmaline, biotite, chlorite, galena, bornite, chalcocite or pyrrhotite. Scattered concentrations in pyrite relate to impurities rather than incorporation by solid solution. Sphalerite locally contains up to 1.42 wt% In, chalcopyrite has up to 2200 ppm and stannite group minerals up to 6800 ppm. Although In concentrations are highest in sphalerite and stannite group minerals, chalcopyrite accounts for the majority of the In budget throughout most of the region. Roquesite and possibly dzhalindite or native In formed locally where In-bearing chalcopyrite or sphalerite have been replaced by bornite and quartz. The In partitioning between sphalerite and chalcopyrite varies broadly between 1:1 and 10:1. In the granite-related parageneses, the In deportment varies across the different parageneses, and this variation is systematically related to different sphalerite morphologies. Chalcopyrite contains most of the In budget within parageneses that have large, unzoned sphalerite grains with chalcopyrite disease or only sparse, minute grains of sphalerite. In contrast, zoned sphalerite without chalcopyrite disease carries the majority of the In budget in the evolved parts of the polymetallic sulphide lodes. Although chalcopyrite is also abundant here, it is much less significant as a host. Sporadic In was included in Triassic crosscourse veins as a result of interactions between migrating CaCl2-rich basinal brines and earlier formed granite-related parageneses. The interactions involved at least two distinct components: 1) Incorporation of clasts of magmatic-hydrothermal veins in crosscourse veins during faulting, and 2) Dissolution and re-precipitation of magmatic-hydrothermal vein minerals in crosscourse fluids. Local concentrations reach 140 ppm In. The region-wide dominance of chalcopyrite as an In host is unexpected and appears to be at variance with magmatic-hydrothermal parageneses elsewhere. This suggests that processing strategies that focus exclusively on sphalerite are likely to have little success. Detailed mineral deportment assessments must be a pre-requisite for the design of successful processing strategies in the region. Interestingly, we have no reason to believe that SW England is different to other regions with granite-related magmatic-hydrothermal parageneses, and it is possible that the global potential for In recovery from chalcopyrite has been underestimated. The magmatic-hydrothermal parageneses in SW England are comparable to the South China Tin Belt, Mount Pleasant, as well as Erzgebirge/Krušné Hory. Magmatic-hydrothermal fluids associated with peraluminous granites have developed a variety of skarn, greisen, lode and veins parageneses by interactions with their host rocks and contained fluids. Crosscourse epithermal mineralisation occurred as In was transported by CaCl2-rich basinal brines in a similar manner as In-bearing veins in the West Shropshire ore field

W Plus Multiple Jets at the LHC with High Energy Jets

We study the production of a W boson in association with n hard QCD jets (for n>=2), with a particular emphasis on results relevant for the Large Hadron Collider (7 TeV and 8 TeV). We present predictions for this process from High Energy Jets, a framework for all-order resummation of the dominant contributions from wide-angle QCD emissions. We first compare predictions against recent ATLAS data and then shift focus to observables and regions of phase space where effects beyond NLO are expected to be large.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figure

Age and petrogenesis of the Lundy granite: Paleocene intraplate peraluminous magmatism in the Bristol Channel, UK

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Geological Society via the DOI in this record.The Lundy granite forms part of the Lundy Igneous Complex, which is the southernmost substantive expression of magmatism within both the British Cenozoic Igneous Province and the wider North Atlantic Igneous Province. Its Qz + Pl + Kfs + Bt ± Grt ± Tpz mineralogy and peraluminous character contrast with other British Cenozoic Igneous Province granites farther north but are similar to the granites of the adjacent Early Permian Cornubian Batholith. We present the results of mapping, petrographical and mineral chemical analysis, and the first U–Pb zircon ages for the granite (59.8 ± 0.4 – 58.4 ± 0.4 Ma) and cross-cutting basic dykes (57.2 ± 0.5 Ma), which confirm a Paleocene age for magmatism. Zircon inheritance is limited but two cores imply the presence of Early Palaeozoic igneous rocks in the unexposed basement of SW England. The anomalous southerly location of the Lundy Igneous Complex is a consequence of mantle melting arising from the superimposition of localized lithospheric extension, related to intraplate strike-slip tectonics, with the distal ancestral Icelandic plume. Granite generation primarily reflects crustal partial melting during the emplacement of mantle-derived melts. The change in geochemical character between the Lundy granite (peraluminous) and other British Cenozoic Igneous Province granites (metaluminous or subalkaline) indicates a fundamental crustal source control between contrasting peri-Gondwanan and Laurentian basement provinces.Financial assistance was received from University College Oxford, the Geologists’ Association, the Lundy Field Society and the Burdett-Coutts fund

Is thirty-seven years sufficient for full return of the ant biota following restoration?

Introduction: An assessment of whether rehabilitated mine sites have resulted in natural or novel ecosystems requires monitoring over considerable periods of time or the use of space-for-time substitution (chronosequence) approaches. Methods: To provide an assessment of ecosystem recovery in areas mined for bauxite in 1975, the ant fauna of one area planted with Eucalyptus resinifera, one seeded with mixed native species, one topsoiled but unrestored, and a forest reference was subjected to a ‘long-term’ study by sampling monthly and latterly annually between 1976 and 1989 using pitfall traps. These plots were resampled in 2012. A companion ‘short-term’ chronosequence study was performed in 1979 in 28 bauxite mines of various ages and restored by a range of different methods, plus three forest references. In order to examine the assertion that the observed differences between restored areas and forest references will lessen with time, sampling using comparable methods was repeated in 2012 in seven of the original plots, representing progressive advances in rehabilitation technology: planted pines; planted eastern states eucalypts; planted native eucalypts; planted eucalypts over seeded understorey; and planted eucalypts on fresh, double-stripped topsoil, plus two forest reference sites. Results: Ant and other invertebrate richness in the long-term study was initially superior in the seeded plot, with little difference between the planted and unplanted plots. It was concluded that although composition of the ant fauna had converged on that of the forest over the 14-year period, differences still persisted.The 2012 resampling revealed that ant species richness and composition had deteriorated in the seeded plot, while values in the unplanted plot, which now supported naturally colonised trees and an understorey, had increased. Differences between all rehabilitated plots and forest still persisted. As with the long-term study, the rate of fauna return and the type of ants present in the short-term study plots differed with the method of rehabilitation used, and, in 1979, no plots had converged on the forest in terms of the ant assemblage. By 2012 ant richness increased, and more so with each advance in rehabilitation technology, except for seeding, in which the understorey had collapsed. Double-stripping of topsoil resulted in the greatest improvements in ant species richness, although none of the areas had converged on the forest reference areas in terms of assemblage composition or ant functional group profiles. Furthermore, assemblage composition in the forest had changed over time, possibly due to reductions in rainfall, which further complicates rehabilitation objectives. Conclusions: It is concluded that although rehabilitation can achieve its objective of restoring diversity, the original assemblage has still not been achieved after 37 years, suggesting that a degree of novelty has been introduced into these older-style rehabilitated areas. The company’s current rehabilitation practices reflect multiple advances in their approach, lending optimism that current restoration may achieve something close to the original ecosystem, an outcome that can only be verified by extended studies like the one described here

A scheme for determining vehicle routes based on Arc-based service network design

In freight transportation, less-than-truckload carriers often need to assign each vehicle a cyclic route so that drivers can come back home after a certain period of time. However, the Node-Arc model for service network design addresses decisions on each arc and does not determine routes directly, although the vehicle balancing constraint ensures that the number of outgoing vehicles equals the number of incoming vehicles at each node. How to transform the optimized service network into a set of vehicle routes remains an important problem that has not yet been studied. In this paper, we propose a three-phase scheme to address this problem. In the first stage, we present an algorithm based on the depth-first search to find all of the different cyclic routes in a service network design solution. In the second stage, we propose to prune poor cyclic routes using real-life constraints so that a collection of acceptable vehicle routes can be obtained before route assignment. Some of the pruning can also be done in the first stage to speed up the proposed algorithm. In the third stage, we formulate the problem of selecting a set of cyclic routes to cover the entire network as a weighted set covering problem. The resulting model is formulated as an integer program and solved with IBM ILOG CPLEX solver. Experimental results on benchmark instances for service network design indicate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme which gives high-quality solutions in an efficient way

The genetic history of Greenlandic-European contact.

The Inuit ancestors of the Greenlandic people arrived in Greenland close to 1,000 years ago.1 Since then, Europeans from many different countries have been present in Greenland. Consequently, the present-day Greenlandic population has ∼25% of its genetic ancestry from Europe.2 In this study, we investigated to what extent different European countries have contributed to this genetic ancestry. We combined dense SNP chip data from 3,972 Greenlanders and 8,275 Europeans from 14 countries and inferred the ancestry contribution from each of these 14 countries using haplotype-based methods. Due to the rapid increase in population size in Greenland over the past ∼100 years, we hypothesized that earlier European interactions, such as pre-colonial Dutch whalers and early German and Danish-Norwegian missionaries, as well as the later Danish colonists and post-colonial immigrants, all contributed European genetic ancestry. However, we found that the European ancestry is almost entirely Danish and that a substantial fraction is from admixture that took place within the last few generations

The genetic history of Greenlandic-European contact

The Inuit ancestors of the Greenlandic people arrived in Greenland close to 1,000 years ago.1 Since then, Europeans from many different countries have been present in Greenland. Consequently, the present-day Greenlandic population has ∼25% of its genetic ancestry from Europe.2 In this study, we investigated to what extent different European countries have contributed to this genetic ancestry. We combined dense SNP chip data from 3,972 Greenlanders and 8,275 Europeans from 14 countries and inferred the ancestry contribution from each of these 14 countries using haplotype-based methods. Due to the rapid increase in population size in Greenland over the past ∼100 years, we hypothesized that earlier European interactions, such as pre-colonial Dutch whalers and early German and Danish-Norwegian missionaries, as well as the later Danish colonists and post-colonial immigrants, all contributed European genetic ancestry. However, we found that the European ancestry is almost entirely Danish and that a substantial fraction is from admixture that took place within the last few generations

Association between pain intensity and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling adults: longitudinal findings from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)

Purpose: To investigate the longitudinal associations between pain and depressive symptoms in adults. Methods: Prospective cohort study on data from 28,515 community-dwelling adults ≥ 50 years, free from depression at baseline (Wave 5), with follow-up in Wave 6 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Significant depressive symptoms were defined by a EURO-D score ≥ 4. The longitudinal association between baseline pain intensity and significant depressive symptoms at follow-up was analysed using logistic regression models; odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical factors, physical inactivity, loneliness, mobility and functional impairments. Results: Mean age was 65.4 years (standard deviation 9.0, range 50–99); 14,360 (50.4%) participants were women. Mean follow-up was 23.4 (standard deviation 3.4) months. At baseline, 2803 (9.8%) participants reported mild pain, 5253 (18.4%) moderate pain and 1431 (5.0%) severe pain. At follow-up, 3868 (13.6%) participants—1451 (10.3%) men and 2417 (16.8%) women—reported significant depressive symptoms. After adjustment, mild, moderate and severe baseline pain, versus no pain, were associated with an increased likelihood of significant depressive symptoms at follow-up: ORs (95% CI) were 1.20 (1.06–1.35), 1.32 (1.20–1.46) and 1.39 (1.19–1.63), respectively. These associations were more pronounced in men compared to women, and consistent in participants aged 50–64 years, those without mobility or functional impairment, and those without loneliness at baseline. Conclusion: Higher baseline pain intensity was longitudinally associated with a greater risk of significant depressive symptoms at 2-year follow-up, in community-dwelling adults without baseline depression