Nyttekostnadsanalyse av nytt dobbeltspor Oslo S – Ski

Dette arbeidsnotatet inneholder en nytte-kostnadsanalyse av nytt dobbeltspor mellom Oslo S og Ski stasjon. Notatet er en del av rapporteringen fra et prosjekt, gjennomført for Jernbaneverket av Det Norske Veritas, Møreforskning og SNF

Circularity in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) directive. Comparison of a manufacturer's Danish and Norwegian operations

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) as a reverse supply chain (RSC) has a low degree of circularity, mainly focusing on recovering or recycling. Targets to increase the circularity have recently been introduced in the EU WEEE directive. In this case study, we have investigated how WEEE is handled within an electric and electronic (EE) equipment manufacturer. The case study includes findings from two different Nordic countries, Norway and Denmark, with interviews of six stakeholders. The case study shows that there are significant differences in how the case company fulfills its extended producer responsibility (EPR), especially related to reporting. The study also found that there is a mismatch between the ambitions in the WEEE directive and a company’s approach related to circularity in the end-of-life phase of an EE product. Based on the results of this case study and from the literature we propose recommendations on alignment with other directives and on a common information regime within the WEEE RSC. Keywords: waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE); product information flow; reverse supply chain; manufacturer; circularity.publishedVersio

Innledning til Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrifts temahefte om grammatisk kjønn

Source at: http://ojs.novus.no/index.php/NLT/article/view/2068Grammatisk kjønn utgjør derfor en formidabel utfordring for lingvistisk teori. Denne utfordringen tok forskningsprosjektet MultiGender: A Multilingual Approach to Grammatical Gender med til Senter for grunnforskning (CAS) i det akademiske året 2019–2020. Prosjektet, ledet av Terje Lohndal og Marit Westergaard, tok for seg grammatisk kjønn fra et flerspråklig og multimetodisk perspektiv, og alle bidragene i dette temaheftet er et resultat av dette oppholdet. En rekke eksperter på genus ble brakt sammen for å studere tre ulike områder: 1) hvordan genus varierer på tvers av dialekter, språk og flerspråklige individer, 2) hvordan genus blir tilegnet i flerspråklige kontekster og 3) hvordan genus kan endres på grunn av redusert input og bruk. Et overordnet spørsmål var om grammatisk kjønn som kategori er den samme på tvers av språk. I MultiGenders ånd inkluderer dette temaheftet artikler med ulike metodologiske og teoretiske perspektiver, men det som bringer dem sammen, er at de alle sammen har norsk som studieobjekt

Modelling succession of key resource harvesting traits of mixotrophic plankton populations

Unicellular eukaryotes make up the base of the ocean food web and exist as a continuum in trophic strategy from pure heterotrophy (phagotrophic zooplankton) to pure photoautotrophy (‘phytoplankton'), with a dominance of mixotrophic organisms combining both strategies. Here we formulate a trait-based model for mixotrophy with three key resource-harvesting traits: photosynthesis, phagotrophy and inorganic nutrient uptake, which predicts the trophic strategy of species throughout the seasonal cycle. Assuming that simple carbohydrates from photosynthesis fuel respiration, and feeding primarily provides building blocks for growth, the model reproduces the observed light-dependent ingestion rates and species-specific growth rates with and without prey from the laboratory. The combination of traits yielding the highest growth rate suggests high investments in photosynthesis, and inorganic nutrient uptake in the spring and increased phagotrophy during the summer, reflecting general seasonal succession patterns of temperate waters. Our trait-based model presents a simple and general approach for the inclusion of mixotrophy, succession and evolution in ecosystem models

Risk understanding and risk acknowledgement: a new approach to environmental risk assessment in marine aquaculture

publishedVersio

Phytoplankton growth after a century of dormancy illuminates past resilience to catastrophic darkness

Photosynthesis evolved in the oceans more than 3 billion years ago and has persisted throughout all major extinction events in Earth's history. The most recent of such events is linked to an abrupt collapse of primary production due to darkness following the Chicxulub asteroid impact 65.5 million years ago. Coastal phytoplankton groups (particularly dinoflagellates and diatoms) appear to have been resilient to this biotic crisis, but the reason for their high survival rates is still unknown. Here we show that the growth performance of dinoflagellate cells germinated from resting stages is unaffected by up to a century of dormancy. Our results clearly indicate that phytoplankton resting stages can endure periods of darkness far exceeding those estimated for the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction and may effectively aid the rapid resurgence of primary production in coastal areas after events of prolonged photosynthesis shut-down