Present and Future Interests: A Graphic Explanation

Few topics bedevil more law students than the law of present and future interests. With the goal of eliminating some of the confusion, this Article highlights the basic doctrine with a new set of diagrams to represent graphically how various interests behave. This Article opens with a question many students ask and then proceeds to the core concepts in the law of present and future interests

Present and Future Interests: A Graphic Explanation

Few topics bedevil more law students than the law of present and future interests. With the goal of eliminating some of the confusion, this Article highlights the basic doctrine with a new set of diagrams to represent graphically how various interests behave. This Article opens with a question many students ask and then proceeds to the core concepts in the law of present and future interests

The Influence of the Uniform Probate Code in Nonadopting States

In twenty-three states, legislative unwillingness to embrace the UPC as a whole has not precluded adoption of some of its provisions. As the first part of this Article indicates, the most common pattern is for a state to use the Code as a model to solve an isolated, but common, problem. Article II of the UPC, which covers intestacy and wills, is by far the most often copied article; the most often followed sections are those dealing with traditional troublespots, such as the effects of survival, adoption, and divorce. In contrast, among those UPC sections garnering the least attention are those proposing controversial reforms, such as the installation of a system for informal probate. Many jurisdictions that have rejected the Code nonetheless have benefited from its use as a model for solving particular problems. The UPC has also been useful to courts seeking solutions to common-law and statutory construction problems. Part III of this Article suggests that judicial willingness to follow the UPC position on a particular point parallels the legislative pattern of applying the UPC to common troublespots. In addition, this part of the Article discusses the ways advocates have used the UPC both as respected secondary authority and as an aid to the interpretation of particular state statutes. The Code\u27s potential as a source of authority is now established but largely untapped. Because many readers of this journal have a particular interest in Washington law, part IV of this Article briefly applies to Washington the lessons of this Article\u27s first parts. Some areas ripe for legislative reform are identified, and examples are given illustrating how Washington advocates might tap the UPC as a source of argument

The Influence of the Uniform Probate Code in Nonadopting States

In twenty-three states, legislative unwillingness to embrace the UPC as a whole has not precluded adoption of some of its provisions. As the first part of this Article indicates, the most common pattern is for a state to use the Code as a model to solve an isolated, but common, problem. Article II of the UPC, which covers intestacy and wills, is by far the most often copied article; the most often followed sections are those dealing with traditional troublespots, such as the effects of survival, adoption, and divorce. In contrast, among those UPC sections garnering the least attention are those proposing controversial reforms, such as the installation of a system for informal probate. Many jurisdictions that have rejected the Code nonetheless have benefited from its use as a model for solving particular problems. The UPC has also been useful to courts seeking solutions to common-law and statutory construction problems. Part III of this Article suggests that judicial willingness to follow the UPC position on a particular point parallels the legislative pattern of applying the UPC to common troublespots. In addition, this part of the Article discusses the ways advocates have used the UPC both as respected secondary authority and as an aid to the interpretation of particular state statutes. The Code\u27s potential as a source of authority is now established but largely untapped. Because many readers of this journal have a particular interest in Washington law, part IV of this Article briefly applies to Washington the lessons of this Article\u27s first parts. Some areas ripe for legislative reform are identified, and examples are given illustrating how Washington advocates might tap the UPC as a source of argument

Maps of complex motion selectivity in the superior temporal cortex of the alert macaque monkey: a double-label 2-deoxyglucose study

The superior temporal sulcus (STS) of the macaque monkey contains multiple visual areas. Many neurons within these regions respond selectively to motion direction and to more complex motion patterns, such as expansion, contraction and rotation. Single-unit recording and optical recording studies in MT/MST suggest that cells with similar tuning properties are clustered into columns extending through multiple cortical layers. In this study, we used a double-label 2-deoxyglucose technique in awake, behaving macaque monkeys to clarify this functional organization. This technique allowed us to label, in a single animal, two populations of neurons responding to two different visual stimuli. In one monkey we compared expansion with contraction; in a second monkey we compared expansion with clockwise rotation. Within the STS we found a patchy arrangement of cortical columns with alternating stimulus selectivity: columns of neurons preferring expansion versus contraction were more widely separated than those selective for expansion versus rotation. This mosaic of interdigitating columns on the floor and posterior bank of the STS included area MT and some neighboring regions of cortex, perhaps including area MST

A Comparison of Electromagnetic Induction Mapping to Measurements of Maximum Effluent Flow Depth for Assessing Flow Paths in Vegetative Treatment Areas

Vegetative treatment systems (VTSs) are one type of control structure that has shown potential to control runoff from open feedlots. To achieve maximum performance, sheet-flow over the width of the vegetative treatment area (VTA) is required. Tools, such as maps of flow paths through the VTA, are needed to aid producers in locating concentrated flow paths and in determining the most effective approach to redistribute flow. Members of the USDA-ARS USMARC laboratory have developed remote sensing techniques using Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) to measure spatial nutrient distribution, and identify possible flow paths, within VTAs. The objective of this study was to determine whether apparent soil electrical conductivity maps can be used to locate concentrated flow paths in the VTA. Effluent flow paths in the VTA were determined by measuring the maximum height of flow at different locations within the VTA. In this study, PVC stakes were coated with a water sensitive paint and located throughout the treatment area during effluent release from solid settling basin to the VTA. The maximum depth of flow at each stake was recorded following a release event from the settling basin. The flow maps generated from the data were compared to ECa maps measuring salt build-up in the soil due to basin discharge. The flow paths identified in the EMI maps were generally in agreement with measured water depths in the VTA. Therefore, techniques that use EMI technology can be used by regulators to monitor VTS performance, by design engineers to improve system performance, and by producers to better manage their systems

Changes in leg pain after bilateral fasciotomy to treat chronic compartment syndrome: a case series study

Background: Intracompartmental pressure (ICP) as the diagnostic gold standard in the management of chronic compartment syndrome (CCS) is debated. We present a diagnostic protocol in which the decision to operate can be based upon clinical findings alone. The aim of this study was to examine whether patients who underwent surgery for CCS based on clinical findings experienced significant long-term pain relief. Methods: A standardized clinical examination, including skin sensitivity, was performed in patients with bilateral leg pain and/or cramps. Before and after a symptom-provoking step test, ICPs were measured. The primary outcome was self-reported leg pain measured on a visual analogue scale. Secondary outcomes were satisfaction with the treatment result and health-related quality of life (HRQL) measured with the SF-8 questionnaire. Postoperative data were collected after 2 years. Results: Follow-up was completed for 37 of 40 patients. ICP was increased in 80.5% of the compartments examined before surgery, but did not correlate with the degree of leg pain. The remaining compartments were diagnosed as CCS based on clinical findings, despite ICPs below the threshold. Leg cramps occurred in 32 of 37 (86.5%) patients during physical activity and at night. Leg pain improved from a score of 8.0 ± 1.5 to 2.3 ± 2.1, P < 0.001. Satisfaction with the treatment result was reported by 81.1% of the patients, accompanied by normalized HRQL. Conclusions: The diagnostic protocol led to a fasciotomy in all compartments of both legs, which was associated with substantial and sustained relief of leg pain, improved HRQL, and patient satisfaction.publishedVersio