Dansk europapolitik og nordisk samarbejde

Denmark's European Policy and Nordic Cooperation 1967-68On 11th May 1967 Denmark applied for membership of The European Economic Community (EEC). However, the enlargement effort was de facto put on hold already on 16th May 1967 due to the French president de Gaulle's statement closely corresponding to a veto. This resulted in drafting of a plan in The Danish Foreign Ministry to handle a situation where the enlargement was put off at least until 1972. The plan was first drafted on 31st May 1967 by a small number of civil servants in the Ministry's Office for Market Affairs (Markedssekretariatet). The plan was to establish a Nordic Union ad modum the EEC amongst primarily Denmark, Norway and Sweden and have Finland and Island connected to it with a special arrangement. The Nordic Union was meant to be a supranational organisation aimed at becoming a member of the EEC when the opportunity for enlargement again surfaced. Alongside the draft of a plan to establish a Nordic Union, the plan was seen as an opportunity to cut off the strong public opinion which wanted a Nordic cooperation instead of a membership of the EEC. In Markedssekretariatet the idea was that if the Nordic Union plan was made public but failed it would no longer constitute an alternative to the EEC. This would be advantageous for strengthening the public opinion in favour of an EEC-membership. The elaboration was made just a few days before a high official in the Foreign Ministry for the first time in July 1967 confronted the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, Jens Otto Krag, with the plan. It was decided between Krag and high officials to put off the implementation of the plan until a final veto locked down the enlargement of the EEC. The plan to implement the Nordic Union was put on rails by Markedssekretariatet in the last part of November 1967 when the final veto was made by de Gaulle on 27th November 1967 which was repeated and emphasised in the middle of December 1967. The Plan was then first made public as part of the Social Democratic Party programme during the election campaign in January 1968, but did not make headlines. After the election the new liberal government adopted the plan, which Markedssekretariatet had masterminded and tabled it at the Nordic Council meeting in Oslo on 17th February 1968. This led to two years of negotiations on how to establish the close Nordic cooperation, which was named Nordek. The Nordek plan was turned down in March 1970 by Finland, at a time when Denmark besides the Nordek negotiations also was in close contact with the EEC in order to become a member. This contact led to negotiations and a Danish referendum on membership of the EEC in October 1972, which in spite of a significant anti-EEC opinion became a vote for Danish EEC-membership. The main conclusion in the article is that Markedssekretariatet and the initiative to establish a Nordic Union played a very significant and influential role in the Danish market-policy in favour for EEC-membership

Munter Sociologi

Om TV-komedie

Introduktion til seks artikler uden for tema

Art.

TV: Genre og kvalitet

TV: Genre og kvalite

Spatially and cell-type resolved quantitative proteomic atlas of healthy human skin

Human skin provides both physical integrity and immunological protection from the external environment using functionally distinct layers, cell types and extracellular matrix. Despite its central role in human health and disease, the constituent proteins of skin have not been systematically characterized. Here, we combine advanced tissue dissection methods, flow cytometry and state-of-the-art proteomics to describe a spatially-resolved quantitative proteomic atlas of human skin. We quantify 10,701 proteins as a function of their spatial location and cellular origin. The resulting protein atlas and our initial data analyses demonstrate the value of proteomics for understanding cell-type diversity within the skin. We describe the quantitative distribution of structural proteins, known and previously undescribed proteins specific to cellular subsets and those with specialized immunological functions such as cytokines and chemokines. We anticipate that this proteomic atlas of human skin will become an essential community resource for basic and translational research (https://skin.science/)

Circulating microRNAs in sera correlate with soluble biomarkers of immune activation but do not predict mortality in ART treated individuals with HIV-1 infection: A case control study

Introduction: The use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced HIV-1 associated morbidity and mortality. However, HIV-1 infected individuals have increased rates of morbidity and mortality compared to the non-HIV-1 infected population and this appears to be related to end-organ diseases collectively referred to as Serious Non-AIDS Events (SNAEs). Circulating miRNAs are reported as promising biomarkers for a number of human disease conditions including those that constitute SNAEs. Our study sought to investigate the potential of selected miRNAs in predicting mortality in HIV-1 infected ART treated individuals. Materials and Methods: A set of miRNAs was chosen based on published associations with human disease conditions that constitute SNAEs. This case: control study compared 126 cases (individuals who died whilst on therapy), and 247 matched controls (individuals who remained alive). Cases and controls were ART treated participants of two pivotal HIV-1 trials. The relative abundance of each miRNA in serum was measured, by RTqPCR. Associations with mortality (all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancy) were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Correlations between miRNAs and CD4+ T cell count, hs-CRP, IL-6 and D-dimer were also assessed. Results: None of the selected miRNAs was associated with all-cause, cardiovascular or malignancy mortality. The levels of three miRNAs (miRs -21, -122 and -200a) correlated with IL-6 while miR-21 also correlated with D-dimer. Additionally, the abundance of miRs -31, -150 and -223, correlated with baseline CD4+ T cell count while the same three miRNAs plus miR- 145 correlated with nadir CD4+ T cell count. Discussion: No associations with mortality were found with any circulating miRNA studied. These results cast doubt onto the effectiveness of circulating miRNA as early predictors of mortality or the major underlying diseases that contribute to mortality in participants treated for HIV-1 infection