ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE EVALUATION: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

By being holistically preoccupied with coherency among organizational elements such as organizational strategy, business needs and the IT functions role in supporting the business, enterprise architecture (EA) has grown to become a core competitive advantage. Though EA is a maturing research area, little has been done to understand how e.g. projects, application or other organizational elements contribute to the overall EA. The current paper presents a literature review on EA evaluation. Different types of evaluation are a necessity in order to ensure that EA demands are being met by disparate IT initiatives. Still, EA evaluation has attracted little attention within academic literature. Thus, the aim of the current review is to get an overview of the topic, which can serve as a foundation for further development of the field. Overall, the study shows that while little research has been done within this area, research is especially lacking regarding empirical studies of how EA evaluation unfolds in practice, while holistic views on EA evaluation is almost non-existin

Measuring Scope 3 Emissions in Healthcare: Challenges and Strategies for Sustainable Practices

This thesis will address the following research questions: 1.How do healthcare organizations currently measure and report their CO2 emissions? 2.What initiatives and strategies have been implemented within the healthcare sector to address Scope 3 emissions? 3.How do regulatory frameworks and industry standards influence the approach of healthcare organizations in mitigating Scope 3 emissions? A qualitative approach was used in the study, with a focus on understanding the participants' perspectives and experiences. Four semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data. The research process takes place in Norway, and only Norwegian interviewees have participated in the study. Norwegian healthcare organizations are the object of this study because the obligations for documenting and reporting of emissions are increasing. The healthcare sector has requirements they must comply with in order to contribute to sustainable development. At the same time, they have an ethical social responsibility where they must take patient healthcare into account as well as being up to date regarding global development. The findings in the study show that the hospitals primarily use estimates to measure their emissions, and that they lack more concrete measurement tools with specific standards. This results in a more overall approach. This method is still immature and leads to inaccurate measurements and documentation, which is today seen as one of the main challenges when it comes to documentation and measurement of emissions. An industry standard should be developed to make it easier to have an overview of emissions reporting, and measurement at all stages. This can also be used to create a common definition of Scope 3, which does not exist today. It was clear during the interview process that all the interviewees had different explanations for Scope 3. An industry standard can therefore be a good strategy so that suppliers can also more easily take the necessary measures so that the hospitals can reduce their Scope 3 emissions. The hospitals are trying to get the suppliers to establish their own climate targets, to document their Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions. This together with an industry standard will make it more beneficial both for the healthcare sector and the suppliers. LCA evaluates the environmental impact of a product throughout its entire lifecycle, offering insights into indirect emissions in the healthcare sector. By implementing this it helps to identify key areas for emissions reduction. Financial considerations play an important role, especially for healthcare organizations with limited finances. Financial limitations often result in short-term cost savings over long-term sustainability investments. By implementing LCA healthcare, institutions can make informed financial decisions, balancing environmental impacts with budget constraints. In addition to meet requirements regarding the environment and emissions, hospitals have an ethical social responsibility where they must both lead as role models, and at the same time prioritize patient safety. The implementation of an industry standards for Scope 3 emission measurements can help to achieve a more sustainable healthcare and at the same time fulfill the overall social responsibility that healthcare organizations have today

Oil Price Shocks and Conflict Escalation: Onshore versus Offshore

We reconsider the relationship between oil and conflict, focusing on the location of oil resources. In a panel of 132 countries over the period 1962-2009, we show that oil windfalls escalate conflict in onshore-rich countries, while they de-escalate conflict in offshore-rich countries. We use a model to illustrate how these opposite effects can be explained by a fighting capacity mechanism, whereby the government can use offshore oil income to increase its fighting capacity, while onshore oil may be looted by oppositional groups to finance a rebellion. We provide empirical evidence supporting this interpretation: we find that oil price windfalls increase both the number and strength of active rebel groups in onshore-rich countries, while they strengthen the government in offshore-rich ones.publishedVersio

Knee Internal Contact Force in a Varus Malaligned Phenotype in Knee Osteoarthritis

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Middagsselskapet

Skriftlig del av bacheloroppgave, avdeling Kunst og håndverk 202