San Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer y el obispo de Ávila, mons. Santos Moro: Epistolario durante la Guerra Civil (enero de 1938 - marzo de 1939)

This paper deals with the first part of the correspondence between Saint Josemaría Escrivá and Mgr. Santos Moro Briz, along the period that stretches from January 27, 1938, and June 7, 1939. There are 22 letters written by Saint Josemaría and 14 by Mgr. Santos Moro. The publication of these documents is preceded by a historical introduction which shows the beginning and development of a friendship, also a general reflection on the correspondence between the two correspondents and, finally, some critical remarks on the content and meaning of the letters crossed between both of them. The documents are transcribed at the end of the paper. A chronological order has been adopted and the letters have been commented in a series of notes, some of them of a certain extension, with the purpose of making easier the understanding of the content.Se da a conocer la primera parte de la correspondencia habida entre San Josemaría Escrivá y Mons. Santos Moro Briz, que pertenece al periodo 27 de enero de 1938 – 7 de junio de 1939: son un total de 22 cartas de san Josemaría y 14 de don Santos Moro. La publicación de los documentos va precedida de una introducción histórica que muestra el nacimiento y desarrollo de una amistad, unas reflexiones generales sobre el epistolario de San Josemaría y don Santos y unas consideraciones sobre el contenido y significado de la correspondencia que se cruzaron entre los dos. Al final se transcriben los documentos. Se ha optado por el orden cronológico y se han ilustrado las cartas con bastantes notas, algunas extensas, para un mejor entendimiento del contenido

Design and validation of the percOV-S questionnaire for measuring perceived obstetric violence in nursing, midwifery and medical students

Background: Obstetric violence could be defined as the dehumanized treatment or abuse of health professionals towards the body or reproductive process of women. Some practices associated with obstetric violence have been routinely standardized and do not include the woman in decision making. This type of violence has consequences for the health of both the mother and the baby and that of the professionals who practice or observed it. Methods: A questionnaire consisting of 33 items that measured perception through a Likert scale was developed. Some sociodemographic variables were collected. The instrument was applied to a sample of nursing, medicine and midwifery students to determine its psychometric properties. Results: The final sample consisted of 153 students. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (p = 0.918) and Barlett tests (p ≤ 0.001) allowed for factor analysis, which explained 54.47% of the variance in two factors called protocolized-visible obstetric violence and non-protocolized-invisible obstetric violence. Conclusions: The PercOV-S (Perception of Obstetric Violence in Students) instrument was validated. The distribution and content of the two factors are closely related to obstetric violence against women. The existence of statistically significant relationships between the sociodemographic variables collected and the global measurements, domains and items of the PercOV-S scale highlight the normalization of obstetric violence as a central factor for future studies

Estudio sobre el cálculo de costes de la formación on-line

Para mantener una economía productiva, competitiva y sostenible es necesario el aumento del nivel de competencia de los trabajadores y la adaptación a los cambios sociales y laborales en que nos encontramos inmersos. Es indudable que el uso de las nuevas tecnologías (TIC) es el factor que más ha influido en una nueva cultura de la formación, a la vez que presenta un medio que contribuye poderosamente a su expansión, con sus aplicaciones en la educación a distancia. Desde la Unión Europea se viene insistiendo en la necesidad de desarrollar una formación profesional a lo largo de la vida que permita la adquisición de nuevos conocimientos y el reciclaje permanente para conseguir una mejor promoción e integración social de los trabajadores así como una mayor competitividad de las empresas. El cálculo de costes de las acciones de e-learning es un cálculo que implica de una laboriosa tarea de recolección de datos. Habitualmente, como sucede con muchos otros servicios TIC, el cálculo de costes olvida conceptos que acaban convirtiéndose en costes ocultos. En el presente estudio se pretende diseñar un modelo de cálculo de costes completo que compute aquellos costos ocultos y que no están incorporados en los cálculos de costos habituales. En este sentido se van a estructurar en dos grupos: • Recursos humanos: Docentes, técnicos y CAU • Recursos técnicos. Hospedaje, LMS y producción de contenidos Este modelo será contrastado con diferentes entidades participantes en el proyecto de formación continua online de la Generalitat Valenciana (E-Formación GVA) de forma que se recaben datos fidedignos y se consensue un modelo de costos. Posteriormente servirá como base para el desarrollo de una aplicación que permita describir un escenario económico de inversiones a realizar para poder desempeñar las acciones de e-learning.Enfermerí

Perception of obstetric violence in a sample of Spanish health sciences students: A cross-sectional study

Background: Obstetric violence is a problem that has grown worldwide, and a particularly worrying one in Spain. Such violence has repercussions for women, and for the professionals who cause them. Preventing this problem seems fundamental. Objective: This study evaluated how health sciences students perceived obstetric violence. Design: A cross-sectional study conducted between October 2019 and November 2020. Participants: A sample of Spanish health sciences students studying degrees of nursing, medicine, midwifery, and psychology. Methods: A validated questionnaire was used: Perception of Obstetric Violence in Students (PercOV-S). Socio-demographic and control variables were included. A descriptive and comparative multivariate analysis was performed with the obtained data. Results: 540 questionnaires were completed with an overall mean score of 3.83 points (SD ± 0.63), with 2.83 points (SD ± 0.91) on the protocolised-visible dimension and 4.15 points (SD ± 0.67) on the non-protocolised-invisible obstetric violence dimension. Statistically significant differences were obtained for degree studied (p < 0.001), gender (p < 0.001), experience (p < 0.001), ethnic group (p < 0.001), the obstetric violence concept (p < 0.001) and academic year (p < 0.005). There were three significant multivariate models for the questionnaire's overall score and dimensions. Conclusions: Health sciences students perceived obstetric violence mainly as non-protocolised aspects while attending women. Degree studied and academic year might be related to perceived obstetric violence

Effects of cryogenic blocking of pulvinar upon visually evoked responses in the cortex of the cat

Visually evoked responses on the suprasylvian and marginal gyri were markedly diminished in amplitude by cooling of the pulvinar. Both the early and late components of the evoked response on the suprasylvian gyrus were affected but only the afterdischarge or late components on the marginal gyrus were reduced. The latter effect was shown to be mediated by the suprasylvian gyrus. Cooling of the B layer of the lateral geniculate, which we have previously shown to be a source of visual input to the pulvinar, reduced both the early and late components of the responses on the suprasylvian and marginal gyri, whereas cooling of the A layer caused a reduction of only the primary response components on the marginal gyrus. These results are interpreted as demonstrating two visual input systems to the cortex, one via direct geniculostriate pathways and another from the B layer of the lateral geniculate via the pulvinar to the suprasylvian gyrus. The former is mainly responsible for the primary response components of the marginal gyrus and the latter for the afterdischarge or late components. © 1973

Visual input to the pulvinar via lateral geniculate, superior colliculus and visual cortex in the cat

A cryogenic method was used to investigate functionally the possible sources of visual input to the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus. The results suggest that there are at least four inputs to the pulvinar. These include the B lamina of the lateral geniculate body, the suprasylvian gyrus of the cortex, the superior colliculus, and possibly direct projection from the optic tract. The pulvinar response to a brief light flash consists of an initial positive component followed by a larger negative component. Cooling of the B lamina of the lateral geniculate body reduced markedly the negative component of the pulvinar response but did not affect the initial positive component, which could be reduced only by optic tract cooling. Cooling of the mid-portion of the suprasylvian gyrus also reduced the negative component, but not the positive component. The lateral geniculate and suprasylvian cooling effects upon the negative component of the pulvinar response were shown to be separate and additive. In contrast, cooling of the dorsal portion of the superior colliculus resulted in an enhancement of both the positive and negative components of the pulvinar response. This enhancement of the pulvinar response suggests that the influence of the superior colliculus upon the pulvinar is normally inhibitory and that when blocked by cooling the pulvinar is more responsive to other sources of visual input. © 1972