Evaluación de diferentes tipos de fertilizantes químicos y orgánicos en la producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Alubia) en el distrito de San Juan de Castrovirreyna-Huancavelica (Perú)

El frijol o judía verde (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) es uno de los cultivos andinos que del Perú. A pesar de que el país cuenta con alimentos suficientes para su población, existe una falta de disponibilidad y acceso a ellos que hacen que uno de cada cuatro peruanos padezca hambre y malnutrición crónica. En el ámbito rural esa cifra supera el 40% (ENDES 2000). En este sentido, con el presente Trabajo Fin de Carrera se estudia la fertilización en el cultivo de frijol utilizando diferentes tipos de fertilizantes, minerales y orgánicos, para comprobar cuáles producen los mejores rendimientos y llevan un menor coste asociado. Aspecto que en definitiva, se traduce en un mayor beneficio para el agricultor. Los ensayos se han llevado a cabo en el distrito de San Juan de Castrovirreyna, región de Huancavelica. Se establecieron dos parcelas experimentales. La primera ubicada en la capital de distrito (San Juan de Castrovirreyna) en un terreno cedido por la ONGD Desco. La otra en la localidad de Quilca, en un terreno cedido por un agricultor local. Se ha ensayado con la variedad Alubia, cuya introducción en la zona ha sido reciente, pero se han obtenido buenos rendimientos en vaina verde en campañas anteriores. En general el cultivo se llevó a cabo entre los meses de agosto y noviembre. El manejo del cultivo se realizó de forma similar a lo acostumbrado en la zona. Pero se llevó a cabo un seguimiento del cultivo en cuanto a plagas, enfermedades, condiciones climáticas, etc. A partir de estas observaciones se deciden los tratamientos fitosanitarios y riegos necesarios. Al final del cultivo se realizó la cosecha para obtener el rendimiento y también se hicieron muestreos, tales como altura y peso fresco de planta, pero sobre todo los que incumben al rendimiento como peso fresco y seco de las vainas, longitud de vainas o peso de 100 granos. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos muestran que, estadísticamente, ninguno de los tratamientos presentó un rendimiento superior al resto, aunque sí se muestra una tendencia de los fertilizantes químicos a conseguirlo, ya que en algunos parámetros de rendimiento como peso fresco y seco de vaina o longitud de vaina sí obtuvieron los mejores resultados. A nivel económico los fertilizantes químicos y el testigo (sin fertilización) dieron lugar a los mayores beneficios, pero con ventaja ligera frente a los orgánicos, exceptuando los tratamientos en los que se aplicó biol, cuyo coste fue muy elevado, lo que dio lugar a beneficios mucho menores.Ingeniería AgronómicaNekazaritza Ingeniaritz

Stability of phenolic compounds in grape stem extracts

Grape stem is rich in phenolic compounds, especially stilbenes. These antioxidants can be degraded during the storage of grape stem extracts for long periods of time. The aim of this work was to analyze the stability of Mazuelo stem extracts during storage at 25 and 40◦C, in two different light conditions (amber and transparent vials). The stability of the antioxidants was studied after 2, 4 and 6 months of conservation. Gallic acid and the quercetin derivative concentration were stable throughout the storage period. In contrast, catechin disappeared from all the extracts in just two months of storage. Anthocyanins were significantly affected by temperature, and light enhanced their degradation when the extracts were kept at 40◦C. Resveratrol and viniferin showed a similar behavior. Their concentration decreased from the beginning of storage, and in both cases, they were significantly affected by both temperature and light.This research was funded by the Government of Navarra, grant numbers VARASVI PI022 and PI038.This research was funded by the GOVERNMENT OF NAVARRA, grant numbers VARASVI PI022 and PI038

A combination of Rosa canina extracts and gold complex favors apoptosis of caco-2 cells by increasing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction

Given the alarming increase in colorectal cancer (CRC) worldwide, novel therapies are urgently needed. Plant-derived extracts have gained considerable interest in the last years due to their strong anticancer effect mediated by their unique bioactive compounds. Specifically, rosehips from Rosa canina have been successfully tested against several cancer models, including colon cancer. Moreover, gold derivatives are a promising alternative to the current platinum-based drugs commonly used in CRC chemotherapy due to their lack of affinity for DNA. Herein we have investigated the antitumor potential of a drug combination made of acidic polyphenols extracted from R. canina and the gold complex (Au(C=C-2-NC5H4) (PTA)) in Caco-2 cell line as a model of CRC. The combination triggered strong apoptosis mediated by a blockage of the autophagic flux, which might be a consequence of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase and mitochondrial dysfunctionality. Our results suggest that the clinical application of plant polyphenols might enhance the anticancer effect of metallodrugs and reduce drug exposure time and therefore its side effects

Reducing SO₂ doses in red wines by using grape stem extracts as antioxidants

SO₂ is a very important wine preservative. However, there are several drawbacks associated with the use of SO₂ in wine. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of the partial substitution of SO₂ in the Tempranillo wine by a Mazuelo grape stem extract and by a commercial vine wood extract (Vinetan®). The results were compared with a control sample (with no addition of any extract). After 12 months of storage in a bottle, total anthocyanin content, together with total polyphenol and flavonoid content were slightly higher for control wines than for those treated with extracts. These differences were of little relevance, as no differences in antioxidant activity were found between any of the wines at the end of the study. The sensory analysis revealed that the use of both extracts as partial substitutes of SO₂ could lead to wines with good organoleptic properties, similar or even better to the control ones.This research was funded by the Government of Navarra, grant numbers VARASVI PI022 and PI038.This research was funded by the Government of Navarra, grant numbers VARASVI PI022 and PI038