Measures of Complexity for Large Scale Image Datasets

Large scale image datasets are a growing trend in the field of machine learning. However, it is hard to quantitatively understand or specify how various datasets compare to each other - i.e., if one dataset is more complex or harder to ``learn'' with respect to a deep-learning based network. In this work, we build a series of relatively computationally simple methods to measure the complexity of a dataset. Furthermore, we present an approach to demonstrate visualizations of high dimensional data, in order to assist with visual comparison of datasets. We present our analysis using four datasets from the autonomous driving research community - Cityscapes, IDD, BDD and Vistas. Using entropy based metrics, we present a rank-order complexity of these datasets, which we compare with an established rank-order with respect to deep learning.Comment: 6 pages, 3 tables, 4 figure

Study of urinary cyclophilin a level in diabetic nephropathy

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common single cause of end-stage renal disease. Albuminuria is the most commonly used marker to predict onset of diabetic nephropathy (DN) without enough sensitivity and specificity to detect early DN. This is the study to identify urinary cyclophilin A (CypA) as a new biomarker for early DN. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: • To estimate the urine level of Cyclophiline-A in patients with diabetic nephropathy. • To correlate the urine level of Cyclophiline- A with Serum Creatinine, Spot urine Microalbumin, Albumin Creatinine Ratio, & eGFR. • To evaluate the correlation between urine level of cyclophiline -A and other several known risk factors such as Body mass Index, Blood pressure, Fasting plasma glucose, Postprandial plasma Glucose and blood urea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted at Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur, after getting the approval from the Ethical committee of Thanjavur Medical college, Thanjavur Hundred subjects were chosen for the study. Both males and females in the age group above 40 years were included and an informed consent was obtained from all of them. The study population included 2 groups. Control group consist of 50 healthy individuals (males & females) and study group consists of 50 patients (males & females) with Diabetic Nephropathy. INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Patients with type-2 diabetes, 2. Patients older than 18 years. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Patients with: 1. Primary tubular diseases, 2. Recent or concurrent administration of potentially nephrotoxic drugs, 3. Acute kidney injury, 4. Terminal kidney failure requiring dialysis, 5. Known Neurological disease. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated Urinary Cyclophiline A concentrations are significantly increased in patients with Diabetic Nephropathy. Urinary Cyclophiline A correlated well with other markers of Nephropathy. Urinary Cyclophiline A significantly increased even in early stages of Diabetic Nephropathy. Urinary Cyclophiline A estimation can be used for the early diagnosis of renal damage due to long standing diabetes mellitus

Colistin and Tigecycline susceptibility among carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae at a tertiary care hospital of South India

Background: Carbapenem resistance among Enterobacteriaceae is a serious clinical problem and the global spread of such resistant strains has hampered the treatment effort leaving with few choices of antibiotics like tigecycline and colistin. Methods: Therefore, we looked for the susceptibility pattern of tigecycline and colistin among carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) by Epsilometer (E) test at Sri Ramachandra University Hospital, Porur, Chennai, India. This study used the combined disc test with phenylboronic acid and EDTA; and modified Hodge test (MHT) to differentiate the carbapenemases. The minimum inhibitory concentration of tigecycline and colistin susceptibility was determined for CRE isolates by using the E-test strips ranging from 0.016-256 μg /ml. Results: A total of 238 extended spectrum beta lactamase producers from Family Enterobacteriaceae were included in the study. Among those, 37 isolates were MHT positive. On combined disc test, 14 were metallo beta lactamase positive, 4 were Klebseillae pneumoniae carbapenemase positive and only one isolate was found to be positive for both. Out of 51 CRE isolates, the number of tigecycline and colistin resistant were found to be in 30 and 3 respectively according to EUCAST criteria. Conclusion: Tigecycline may be effective but it needs to be monitored routinely. Colistin remains a reliable option for CRE infections. The increasing resistance of CRE to the available antibiotics like tigecycline and colistin is a threat to the therapeutic management of such patients

A case report of recurrent achondroplasia in fetuses of normal parents

Achondroplasia, a skeletal dysplasia has an incidence of 1 in 15000 to 1 in 30000 live births. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The occurrence of recurrent achondroplasia in babies born to normal parents is rare. The present case report is one such type. A female fetus of 27 weeks gestational age was brought to the Department of Anatomy, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences, Maduranthagam. There was frontal bossing of forehead, rhizomelic type of limb shortening with limitation of elbow extension in the fetus. The mother of the fetus, who is 26 years old, gave history of recurrence of such condition. Her first pregnancy was a twin pregnancy, conceived by natural methods, where one of the twins was a male baby who also had achondroplasia and died 2 hours after delivery. The other twin is a girl and the child has delayed developmental milestones. Her second pregnancy was uneventful. The present fetus under study is from her third pregnancy. Her marriage is of second degree consanguineous type. The age of her husband is 36 years old. Germinal mosaicism has been attributed for the causation of recurrent achondroplasia in children, whose parents are normal. 80% of achondroplasia is due to a new mutation. Only 20% of achondroplasia is inherited. Increased paternal age is a risk factor for new mutations to occur. The other investigations of the case and the genetic analysis are described further in the article

A quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding post natal care among primi mothers in kannivadi block phc at Dindigul district

A quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding post natal care among primi mothers in Kannivadi block PHC, at Dindugul District. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1) To assess the Pre-test and Post-test level of knowledge regarding Post natal care among Primi mothers. 2) To determine the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on post natal care among Primi mothers. 3) To find out the regression between the Post-test knowledge score on Post natal care with selected demographic variables such as age, gestational weeks, education of mother, education of spouse, occupation of mother, type of family, Bread winner of the family, income, source of previous information. ASSUMPTIONS 1) Post natal care promotes a healthy life of the mother. 2) Group teaching will enhance each participant for active learning. 3) Knowledge of mother has strong influence in adaptation of healthy practices during post natal period. DE-LIMITATION 1) The study is de- limited to Primi mother who were in III trimester. 2) Prescribed data collection period is 6 weeks only. PROJECTED OUTCOME: This study reveals the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding post natal care among Primi mothers. The result of the study showed there was increase in knowledge regarding Post natal care. The finding of the study helps the professionals in educating the Primi mothers about Post natal care

B-spline neural networks based PID controller for Hammerstein systems

A new PID tuning and controller approach is introduced for Hammerstein systems based on input/output data. A B-spline neural network is used to model the nonlinear static function in the Hammerstein system. The control signal is composed of a PID controller together with a correction term. In order to update the control signal, the multi-step ahead predictions of the Hammerstein system based on the B-spline neural networks and the associated Jacobians matrix are calculated using the De Boor algorithms including both the functional and derivative recursions. A numerical example is utilized to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approaches