Selection of Materials for the Protection of the Hoe Blades of the Inter-Row Cultivator

The paper presents the results of comparative wearing of cultivator hoes protected with two different materials with regard to the lifespan of the blades. During the operation of the hoes outside the track of the tractor wheels with protected blades of materials M1 and M2, equal wear of mass and surface was recorded. The hoes lost an average of 0,563 g/ha cultivated area or an average of 119,46 g with a standard deviation of 2,876 when working with both blades in compacted soil (in the tracks of tractor wheels) protected by M1 material. For hoes protected by M2 material, the average loss was 0,566 g/ha of cultivated area or an average of 120,10 g for the research period with a standard deviation of 4,609. Both materials in the most difficult working conditions showed equal resistance to wear and retention of the initial shape of the hoe

WORK QUALITI TESTING OF SPRAYERS AT BELJE D.D.

U sklopu poslovno – tehničke suradnje Zavoda za mehanizaciju Poljoprivrednog fakulteta u Osijeku i poljoprivredne tvrtke Belje d.d., testirano je 5 prskalica na "PJ Brestovac – Karanac" ( 3 Hardi i 2 John Deere prskalice). Iz obavljenih testiranja može se utvrditi da su na testirane prskalice postavljene mlaznice koje odgovaraju ISO standardu te ostvaruju protoke prema EN 13790 standardu. Prema EN 13790 standardu kapacitet crpke može odstupati 10 % od nazivnog kapaciteta. Kod svih ispitivanih vučenih ratarskih prskalica crpke imaju odstupanja u dozvoljenih 10 %. Mjerenje kapaciteta crpki obavljeno je s elektronskim mjeračem tvrtke Krohne. Svi manometri kod ispitivanih prskalica rade u području optimalnog, tj. dopuštenog odstupanja od strane europskog standarda. Najvažniji predmet tesiranja prskalica je stavka koja se odnosi na površinsku raspodjele tekućine. Testiranje raspodjele tekućine je obavljeno pomoću uređaja Spray scanner koji donosi konačnu ocjenu kvalitete rada na temelju rezultata koeficijenta varijcije. Da bi prskalica ostvarila zadovoljavajuću raspodjelu tekućine koeficijent raspodjele tekućine mora iznositi manje od 20%. Nakon obavljenog testiranja zaključujemo da sve prskalice zadovoljavaju kriterije ispravnosti tehničkih sustava u zaštiti bilja te mogu poslužiti kao primjer provođenja dobre poljoprivredne prakse na površinama BELJA d.d.Within business - technical cooperation of the Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, and agricultural company Belje d.d. , it have been tested 5 sprinklers on "PJ Brestovac- Karanac" (3 Hardi and 2 John Deere). From the testing it can be determinated that nozzles have been placed on the tested sprinklers corresponding ISO standard and which generate flows according to EN 13790 standard. According to EN 13790 standard pump capacity may deviate 10% from the nominal capacity. In all tested towed agricultural sprinklers pumps have deviations 10%. Measuring capacity of pumps have been done with electronic meter from the company of Krohne. All manometers from the tested sprinklers works in an optimal area, which is set by the European standard. The most important item from the tested sprinklers has been related with the surface distribution of liquid. The testing was carried out using a Spray scanner which shows the final evaluation of the work quality based on the results of the variation coefficient. To make a good distribution of liquid, liquid coefficient must be less than 20%. Following completion of testing, we can coclude that all the sprinklers can meet the criteria of the correctness all tehnical systems in plant protection, and also can subserve like an implementation sample of the good agricultural practice on the surface of BELJE d.d

Influence of Rotational Speed of Seed Plates on the Quality Seeding in Laboratory Operating Conditions

The simulation results of sunflower seeding in the laboratory with seed plates from 12 to 36 holes at working speeds from 4 to 10 km/h are presented. At a working speed of 6 km/h, the seed plate n = 12 with a rotational speed of 0.652 m/s achieved an average seeding spacing of 23.26 cm. At this rotational speed, the plate achieved a QFI of 89.15. The seed plate n = 36 with a rotational speed of 0.217 m/s achieved an average spacing of 21.76 cm with a QFI index of 98.45. At a working speed of 10 km/h, the seeding machine achieved an average spacing of 23.87 cm with a seed plate n = 12. The same seed plate achieved a rotational speed of 1.812 m/s. The seed plate n = 36 with a rotational speed of 0.602 m/s recorded an average spacing in the seeding simulation of 22.52 cm

The Impact of Conventional and Sensor Spraying on Drift and Deposit in Cherry Orchard

The research results of the spraying technical factors\u27 impact on ground and air drift, and the deposit on the treetop in cherry orchards, are presented in the paper. Two different spraying systems (classical and sensory system) are investigated, Agromehanika AGP 200 ENU sprayer being used. The research is conducted according to ISO standard 22866 (Plant Protection Equipment - Drift Measurement Methods in Field Conditions). The impact of spraying norm as factor A (A1 – 250 l/ha; A2 – 200 l/ha); the nozzle type as factor B (B1 – Lechler TR 8002 C; B2 – Lechler ITR 8002 C) and the fan air velocity as factor C (C1 – 18 m/s; C2 – 12 m/s) are examined by the variance analysis. To spray and evaluate the drift, Tartazine organic dye solution with 4% concentration is used. The filter papers, used as collectors, according to the specified ISO standard, are placed directly in the spraying zone. The sampled filter papers are washed out with 10 ml of deionised water under laboratory conditions. After washing, the colour intensity, i.e., the solution wave-length, is read by a spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 50 UV-Visible). Different drift intensity (ground and air drift) and treetop deposits are realized by the usage of various treatments of technical spraying factors and various spraying systems. Unlike the ground and air drifts, the deposit within the treetop does not show statistically significant change by using a sensory spraying system, i.e. by using a selective application

Utjecaj sklopa i načina sjetve na prinos zrna kukuruza

U radu su prikazani rezultati ostvarenog prinosa zrna kukuruza pri različitim sustavima sjetve u 2016. godini na pokušalištu Slovinska Kovačica (45°45ʹ44,85ʺ N i 17°0ʹ21,43ʺ E). Sjetva je obavljena u udvojene redove s razmakom od 22 cm (twin row tehnologija) i na standardni način s razmakom redova od 70 cm. Korištena su dva hibrida kukuruza P0023 (FAO 420) i P0412 (FAO 520) posijana u četiri različita sklopa. Analizom varijance utvrđeno je da su sustav sjetve i sklop statistički značajno utjecali na ostvareni prinos zrna (kg ha-1). U standardnoj sjetvi hibrid P0023 u prosječnom sklopu od 64 116 biljaka ha-1 ostvario je prinos zrna od 13 374 kg ha-1, a u sjetvi udvojenih redova zabilježen je prinos zrna veći za 5,12%. Najveći prinos istog hibrida u standardnoj sjetvi ostvaren je pri sklopu od 94 466 biljaka ha-1 (14 264 kg ha-1), dok je u udvojenim redovima ostvaren prinos od 15 004 kg ha-1 ili 5,19 % više. Povećanjem prosječnog sklopa na 103 741 i 104 931 biljaka ha-1 u oba sustava sjetve došlo je do pada prinosa zrna na 13 237 i 14 143 kg ha-1, pri čemu je ipak sjetva u udvojene redove i u ovim uvjetima rezultirala povećanjem prinosa od 6,84%. Hibrid P0412 u sklopu od 95 935 biljaka ha-1 u udvojenim redovima ostvario je prinos zrna od 14 994 kg ha-1 ili 5,82 % više dok je u sklopu od 105 143 biljaka ha-1 u sjetvi u udvojene redove zabilježen također viši prinos zrna za 4,56%. Najbolji rezultat u pokusu hibrida P0023 ostvaren je sjetvom u udvojene redove u sklopu 95 389 biljaka ha-1, a hibrida P0412 također sjetvom u udvojene redove u sklopu 76 133 biljaka ha-1. U sustavu sjetve u udvojene redove utvrđena je nešto niža vlaga zrna u vrijeme berbe kod oba hibrida.The paper presents the results of the achieved corn grain yield under different sowing systems in 2016. at the Slovinska Kovačica experimental field (45°45ʹ44.85ʺ N; 17°0ʹ21.43ʺ E). Sowing was done in double rows with a spacing of 22 cm (twin row technology) and in the standard way with a row spacing of 70 cm. Two maize hybrids, P0023 (FAO 420) and P0412 (FAO 520) sown in four different set of plants, were used. Analysis of variance showed that the sowing system and set of plants had a statistically significant effect on the achieved grain yield (kg ha-1). In standard sowing, the hybrid P0023 in an average of 64 116 plants ha-1 achieved a grain yield of 13 374 kg ha-1, and in the sowing in twin rows, the grain yield was increased by 5,12 %. The highest yield of the same hybrid in standard sowing was achieved with 94 466 ha-1 plants (14 264 kg ha-1), while in twin row the yield was 15 004 kg ha-1 or 5,19 % higher. Increasing the average set to 103 741 and 104 931 ha-1 plants in both sowing systems led to a decrease in grain yield to 13 237 and 14 143 kg ha-1, while sowing in double rows and in these conditions resulted in an increase in yield of 6,84 %. Hybrid P0412 with 95 935 plants ha-1 in twin row achieved a grain yield of 14 994 kg ha-1 or 5,82 % more, while with 105 143 ha-1 plants in twin rows higher yield was also recorded by 4,56 %. The best result in the experiment with hybrid P0023 was achieved by sowing in twin rows with 95 389 plants ha-1 and hybrid P0412 also by sowing in twin rows with 76 133 ha-1 plants. In the twin row sowing system, slightly lower grain moisture was found at harvest time in both hybrids

Impact of sowing system in the five-year period on maize grain yield

U radu su prikazani rezultati utjecaja standardne sjetve i sjetve u udvojene redove tj. twin row tehnologije na prinos zrna kukuruza u Republici Hrvatskoj. Istraživanja su provedena od 2016. do 2020. godine na dva pokušališta: Jakšić (45°21\u2756,12"N i 17°47\u270,08"E) i pokušalište Lužani (45°09\u2707,8"N i 17°42\u2741,6"E). U istraživanju je provedena sjetva hibrida KWS 2370 (FAO 290) i KWS Smaragd (FAO 350) na razmak redova 70 cm, te u udvojene redove s razmakom 22 cm. Tijekom provođenja pokusa sjetvom u udvojene redove ostvaren je značajno veći prinos zrna (kg ha-1), ali s nešto većom vlagom zrna u vrijeme berbe. Najviši prinos zrna na pokušalištu Jakšić u standardnoj sjetvi zabilježen je 2016. godine od 12 180 kg ha-1 kod hibrida KWS 2370 iz FAO grupe 290 dok je u sjetvi u sustavu udvojenih redova ostvaren prosječni prinos zrna veći za 10,76 % u odnosu na standardnu sjetvu. Najniži zabilježeni prinosi zrna (kg ha-1) na istom pokušalištu ostvaren je u 2017. vegetacijskoj godini. Iste godine u tehnologiji udvojenih redova ostvaren je prinos zrna za 15,51 % veći u odnosu na standardnu sjetvu. Također u vegetacijskoj 2017. godini i na pokušalištu Lužani zabilježeni su najniži prosječni prinosi zrna u berbi pri čemu je sjetva u udvojene redove ostvarila povećanje prinosa od 12,03 % u odnosu na standardnu sjetvu. Kod sjetve hibrida KWS Smaragd najniži prinos zrna zabilježen je u 2016. godini s 10 450 kg ha-1, dok je prinos u udvojenim redovima iznosio 11 693 kg ha-1, pri čemu je zabilježena i najveća razlika između sustava sjetve od 11,89 % na pokušalištu Lužani. Sjetva u udvojene redove na oba pokušališta rezultirala je statistički značajnim razlikama za glavna svojstva istraživanja u svih pet vegetacijskih godina. Statistički značajne razlike uočene su i za svojstvo mase zrna po klipu kao i sadržaja vlage u zrnu. Nešto niža vrijednost vlage u zrnu u svih pet godina istraživanja zabilježena je u standardnoj sjetvi. Razlike ostvarenih sklopova na pokušalištima u vrijeme petogodišnjeg istraživanja nisu bile statistički značajne.The paper presents the results of the influence of standard and sowing in double rows, ie twin row technology on corn grain yield in the Republic of Croatia. The research was conducted from 2016. to 2020. at two experimental field Jakšić (45°21\u2756,12"N and 17°47\u270,08"E) and experimental field Lužani (45°09\u2707,8"N and 17°42\u2741,6 "E). The research was carried out by sowing hybrids KWS 2370 (FAO 290) and KWS Smaragd (FAO 350) in the standard way with a row spacing of 70 cm, and in double rows with a spacing of 22 cm. During the experiment by sowing in twin rows, a significantly higher grain yield of kg ha-1 was achieved, but with slightly higher grain moisture at harvest time. The highest yield at the experimental field Jakšić in standard sowing was recorded in 2016 of 12 180 kg ha-1 in hybrid KWS 2370 from FAO group 290 while in twin row sowing the average grain yield was higher by 10.76 % compared to standard sowing. The lowest recorded grain yield kg ha-1 at the same experimental field was achieved in the 2017 vegetation year. In the same year, in the twin row sowing, the grain yield was 15.51 % higher than in standard sowing. Also, in the vegetation year 2017 at the Lužani experimental field, the lowest average grain yield in the harvest was recorded, while sowing in twin rows achieved a yield increase of 12.03 % compared to standard sowing. When sowing KWS Smaragd hybrid, the lowest grain yield was recorded in 2016 with 10 450 kg ha-1, while the yield in twin rows was 11 693 kg ha-1 with the largest difference between the sowing systems of 11,89 % in the experimental field Lužani. Sowing in twin rows at both experimental sites resulted in statistically significant differences for the main study properties in all five vegetation years. Statistically significant differences were observed for the property of grain mass per cob as well as for the moisture content in the grain. A slightly lower value of grain moisture in all five years of research was recorded in standard sowing. The differences in the realized set of plants at the experimental field sites at the time of the five-year study were not statistically significant

Utjecaj frakcija zrna kukuruza i tehničkih čimbenika podešavanja na kvalitetu rada sijaćice PSK4

U radu su prikazani rezultati kvalitete sjetve pri simulaciji na ispitnome stolu. Utvrđivanje kvalitete rada sijaćice prikazano je s pomoću koeficijenata kvalitete sjetve (ISO standard 7256/1 i 7256/2), odnosno MISS, MULT i QFI indeksa. Ispitan je utjecaj četiriju različitih frakcija sjemena kukuruza dvaju hibrida na kvalitetu sjetve. Simulacija sjetve obavljena je s različitim tehničkim čimbenicima podešavanja sijaćice na ispitnome stolu (dva podtlaka, tri radne brzine sijaćice i četiri položaja skidača viška sjemena). Provedenom simulacijom sjetve utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika utjecaja različitih oblika/frakcija zrna, položaja skidača sjemena, podtlaka i radne brzine sijaćice na razmak zrna unutar reda prilikom sjetve oba istraživana hibrida. Podtlačna sijaćica PSK4 ostvarila je na ispitnome stolu pri radnoj brzini od 4 km ha-1 i položaju skidača sjemena na oznaci 10 visoke koeficijente kvalitete sjetve te se temeljem ostvarenoga QFI indeksa >98,6% može svrstati u grupu vrlo dobrih sijaćica. Nadalje, pri upotrebi hibrida H1 ostvaren je prosječni razmaka zrna u sjetvi unutar reda od 19,60 cm, koji osigurava sjetvu od 72.448 biljaka ha-1, dok je sjetvom hibrida H2 ostvaren prosječni razmak sjetve od 19,51 cm (72.831 biljaka ha-1). LSD0,05 testom utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika razmaka zrna unutar reda između navedenih hibrida

Influence of peripheral speed of vacuum plates on seed spacing in popcorn maize seeding

Prikazani su rezultati simulacije sjetve kukuruza kokičara u laboratoriju na teorijski razmak 20,993 cm sa sjetvenim pločama 18, 22, 27, 31, 33, 36 i 44 otvora pri brzinama rada sijačice 4, 6, 8 i 10 km/h. Pri simuliranoj brzini rada sijačice od 6 km/h primijenjena ploča n = 18 s obodnom brzinom 0,223 m/s ostvarila je prosječni razmak u sjetvi od 21,518 cm pri čemu je zabilježeno smanjenje sklopa za 1 650 biljaka/ha. Pri ovoj obodnoj brzini ploča je ostvarila QFI od 97,19 s Prec. indeksom (CVm) od 13,108. Sjetvena ploča n = 44 pri najnižoj prihvatljivoj brzini rada sijačice s obodnom brzinom od 0,091 m/s ostvarila je prosječni razmak od 20,816 cm s QFI indeksom od 98,63 dok je Prec. indeks (CVm) iznosio 8,397. Povećanjem brzine rada na 10 km/h navedena sjetvena ploča ostvarila je prosječni razmak od 20,935 cm odnosno zabilježeno je povećanje sjetve za 187 biljaka/ha, pri čemu je ostvarena vrijednost QFI indeksa od 97,31, dok je vrijednost Prec. indeks (CVm) iznosila 14,041. Na sklop biljaka odnosno na razmak sjetve statistički su značajno utjecali izbor sjetvene ploče, kao i brzina rada. Dobiveni rezultati sjetvenih ploča n = 22, 27, 31, 33 i n = 36 nalaze se unutar graničnih vrijednosti sjetvenih ploča n = 18 i n = 44.The simulation results of popcorn maize seeding in the laboratory at a theoretical spacing of 20.993 cm with vacuum plates with 18, 22, 27, 31, 33, 36, and 44 holes at working speeds of 4, 6, 8, and 10 km/h are presented. At a working speed of 6 km/h, the vacuum plate n = 18 with a peripheral speed of 0.223 m/s achieved an average seeding spacing of 21.518 cm, with a reduction of 1 650/ha plants. At this peripheral speed, the plate achieved a QFI of 97.19 with Prec. index (CVm) of 13.108. The vacuum plate n = 44 at the lowest acceptable speed of the seeding machine with a peripheral speed of 0.091 m/s achieved an average spacing of 20.816 cm with a QFI index of 98.63 while Prec. index (CVm) was 8.397. By increasing the working speed of 10 km/h, the listed vacuum plate achieved an average spacing of 20.935 cm, and an increase in seeding was recorded for 187 plants/ha where the achieved value of QFI index was 97.31 while the value of Prec. index (CVm) was 14.041. The choice of vacuum plate, as well as the speed of work had a statistically significant effect on the set of plants and the seeding spacing. The obtained results of vacuum plates n = 22, 27, 31, 33 and n = 36 are within the limit values of vacuum plates n = 18 and n = 44

Sowing Systems as a Factor of Grain Yield in Sunflower Production

U radu su prikazani rezultati trogodišnjega istraživanja utjecaja sustava sjetve na prinos zrna, masu zrna po glavi, sklop i vlagu zrna jednoga srednje ranog hibrida suncokreta. Standardna sjetva obavljena je sijaćicom PSK OLT na razmak redova od 70 cm, dok je sjetva u udvojene redove obavljena sijaćicom MaterMacc Twin Row-2 na razmak redova od 22*48 cm. Obje sijaćice podešene su prema ISO standardu 7256/1 i 7256/2 s visokim QFI indeksom (PSK OLT: 96,32 %; MaterMacc Twin Row-2: 93,93 %). Istraživanje je obavljeno na pokušalištu Gorjani na psudogleju teksturne oznake praškaste ilovače, sa slabo kiselom reakcijom i malom količinom humusa. Analizom varijance utvrđena je statistička značajnost sustava sjetve na prinos zrna i masu zrna po glavi suncokreta. Sjetva u udvojene redove ostvarila je za sve tri godine istraživanja veće prinose zrna: za 19,59 % u 2017., 19,11 % u 2018. i 18,45 % u 2019. godini. Na sklop biljaka nisu statistički značajno utjecali sustavi sjetve i vegetacijske godine, a vlaga zrna bila je statistički značajno različita između analiziranih godina istraživanja.The paper presents the results of a triennial study of the sowing system influence on the yied, grain weight per head, plant set per ha and of the grain moisture of a medium-early sunflower hybrid . Standard sowing was performed with the PSK OLT sowing machine at a row spacing amounting to 70 cm, while a twin row sowing was performed with the MaterMacc Twin Row-2 sowing machine at a row spacing of 22*48 cm. Both sowing machines were adjusted according to the ISO standard 7256/1 and 7256/2, with a high QFI index (PSK OLT: 96.32 %; MaterMacc Twin Row-2: 93.93 %). The research was conducted at the Gorjani Experimental Field on psudogley bearing the textured markings of a silty loam, with a weak acid reaction and a small amount of humus. An analysis of variance determined a statistical significance of the sowing system on the grain yield and the grain mass per sunflower head. Sowing in twin rows achieved the higher yields for all three research years : 19.59% in 2017, 19.11% in 2018, and 18.45% in 2019. Plant density was not statistically significantly affected by the sowing systems and vegetation year, but the grain moisture was statistically significantly different between the analyzed research years

Technical inspection of machines for crop protection

Ulaskom Republike Hrvatske u Europsku uniju, usklađuje se zakonodavstvo sa europskom direktivom 2009/128/EC, prema kojoj svi strojevi za zaštitu bilja moraju imati valjani tehnički pregled. Konačni nacrt zakona stupio je na snagu 24. siječnja 2014. godine (NN 14/14), prema kojem se tehnički pregled za sve strojeve u eksploataciji mora obaviti do 26. studenog 2016. godine. Trenutno u RH tehnički pregled obavilo je otprilike 16.000 strojeva koji su upisani u FIS bazu podataka. Glavnina strojeva sa valjanom naljepnicom o tehničkom pregledu je iz panonskog dijela države, a pretpostavka je da pregled mora obaviti još cca. 15 000 strojeva. Ministarstvo poljoprivrede sa Odjelom za održivu uporabu pesticida je nadležno za provedbu navedenog zakona, a tehnički pregled obavlja 11 mobilnih ispitnih stanica. Uspostavljen je sustav edukacije inspektora za tehnički pregled strojeva koji se obavlja prema normi EN 13790. Valjanost tehničkog pregleda izdaje se na rok od 3 godine, dok se novim strojevima (kupljeni nakon 01.01.2013. godine) izdaje naljepnica sa rokom od 5 godina, bez tehničkog pregleda, samo sa upisom u FIS bazu.By joining the Republic of Croatia with the European Union, legislation is aligned with the European Directive 2009/128/EC, according to which all plant protection machines must have a valid technical inspection. The final law draft entered into force on January 24, 2014 (NN 14/14), whereby a technical inspection of all machines in exploitation must be completed by November 26, 2016. Currently in the Republic of Croatia a technical inspection was carried out approx. 16 000 machines entered in the FIS database. Most of the machines with a valid label on the technical inspection are from the Pannonian part of the state, and the assumption is that the inspection must be accomplished by approx. 15 000 machines. The Ministry of Agriculture with the Department for Sustainable Use of Pesticides is competent for the implementation of this law, and a technical inspection is carried out by 11 mobile test stations. An inspectors’ education system has been established and the technical inspection is carried out according to EN 13790 standard. The validity of the technical inspection is issued for a period of 3 years, while the new machines (purchased after 01.01.2013.), received a 5-year valid sticker without a technical inspection, only with the entry into the FIS database