SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE, LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE: A CASE STUDY IN CAMPINAS, BRAZIL

Deteriorating climatic conditions in urban centers of Brazil is a real concern for human security and urban livelihood sustainability.  The city of Campinas in São Paulo state/Brazil is highly vulnerable to climatic disasters. The present paper analyses the relationship between land use changes and temperature in Campinas between 1989 and 2016. The 28-year period was chosen due to the variability of climatic data in three meteorological stations (University of Campinas, Agronomic Institute of Campinas and International Airport of Viracopos). Data from five sources were used for land use land changes (LULC), and land surface temperature (LST) analysis. The data sources were: i) Landsat 5 Thermometer Mapper (TM), ii) Landsat 5 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), iii) Thermal Infrared Sensor (ETM +) sensors from Landsat 5, iv) Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), and v) Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). The results indicate consistent relations between urbanized increase area and the elevation of air and surface temperature in Campinas. In the studied period, there was an increase of 23% in urbanized areas in Campinas and around the meteorological stations. Cepagri presented the highest growth, about 22%, as well as the station with the highest air temperature. deteriorating climatic conditions in urban centers of Brazil is a real concern for human security and urban livelihood sustainability.  The city of Campinas in São Paulo state/Brazil is highly vulnerable to climatic disasters. The present paper analyses the relationship between land use changes and temperature in Campinas between 1989 and 2016. The 28-year period was chosen due to the variability of climatic data in three meteorological stations (University of Campinas, Agronomic Institute of Campinas and International Airport of Viracopos). Data from five sources were used for land use land changes (LULC), and land surface temperature (LST) analysis. The data sources were: i) Landsat 5 Thermometer Mapper (TM), ii) Landsat 5 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), iii) Thermal Infrared Sensor (ETM +) sensors from Landsat 5, iv) Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), and v) Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). The results indicate consistent relations between urbanized increase area and the elevation of air and surface temperature in Campinas. In the studied period, there was an increase of 23% in urbanized areas in Campinas and around the meteorological stations. Cepagri presented the highest growth, about 22%, as well as the station with the highest air temperatur

Fondos documentales educativos en el Archivo General de la Región de Murcia: el Colegio de la Purísima Concepción de Lorca

This article will deal about the study of “Purísima Concepción” School of Lorca through the documentation found in the “Archivo General de la Región de Murcia”. This study shows the results of the analysis, classification and description of this documentation, analysing the resulting classification chart and it’s different documentary series. It will also study the origin of the universitary degrees in Lorca and it’s educational situation in the last third of the XVIII century and the first third of the XIX century

Estudo comparativo dos efeitos do uso de terpenos oxigenados e hidrocarbonetos sobre a pele de camundongos hairless: possibilidade de uso cosmético e farmacêutico

A pele é o maior órgão do corpo e apresenta diversas funções, como: manutenção da temperatura corporal, proteção mecânica dos órgãos e principalmente serve de barreira protetora contra substâncias químicas e microrganismos. Os terpenos são umas das classes empregadas para promover a permeação por essa barreira. Eles são substâncias naturais, cuja estrutura básica são unidades isoprênicas, sendo os encontrados nos óleos essenciais. Essas moléculas são utilizadas como promotores de permeação por sua capacidade de desorganizar a epiderme, alterando temporariamente especializações de membrana. Contudo, mesmo sendo estudados para esse fim desde 1960, ainda não estão completamente esclarecidas as possíveis alterações morfológicas e moleculares que estas moléculas podem causar nas camadas da epiderme e da derme. O conhecimento dessas alterações possivelmente poderá ser determinante para elenca-los como candidatos a ativos cosmecêuticos e adjuvantes tecnológicos. Para isso foram aplicadas soluções contendo terpenos no dorso de camundongos hairless, além de soluções controle contendo ácido retinóico e ácido tricloroacético. Visando avaliar através de técnicas de microscopia de rotina, microscopia de polarização e imunofluorescência, quais são as alterações promovidas por eles. Os resultados mostraram que os terpenos são capazes de promover alterações morfológicas e moleculares na epiderme e na derme. Como desorganização da epiderme (desorganização dos desmossomas) e processo inflamatório na derme papilar. Quando comparados aos ácidos os terpenos produziram alteração com menor grau de agressividade, o que sugere uma maior segurança para essas substâncias

Sujeito pronominal expresso e nulo no começo do séc. XXI (e sua relação com o objeto nulo em PB)

Neste artigo, investigamos a ocorrência de sujeitos nulos e pronominais expressos em duas peças teatrais recentes, tendo dois objetivos em mente: (i) dar continuidade, de certa maneira, ao trabalho pioneiro de Duarte (1993, 1995) sobre o preenchimento de sujeitos pronominais em PB; e (ii) aplicar a hipótese do gênero semântico (de Creus & Menuzzi 2004) à análise, justamente, dos sujeitos pronominais nessas peças. Confirmamos a hipótese antecipada em Duarte (1993, 1995) de que o PB estaria favorecendo o preenchimento de sujeitos pronominais (aproximando-se, portanto, de uma língua -pro-drop). E apontamos para uma direção ainda não investigada na literatura sobre o assunto: os sujeitos pronominais preenchidos preferencialmente retomam (ou se referem a) referentes com gênero semântico expresso, o que sugere que o gênero semântico pode ser, de fato, um traço relevante para o favorecimento do pronome em PB, tanto para o objeto direto anafórico (como mostram alguns trabalhos recentes na literatura), como para o sujeito pronominal (como esboçamos aqui)

The protoMIRAX Hard X-ray Imaging Balloon Experiment

The protoMIRAX hard X-ray imaging telescope is a balloon-borne experiment developed as a pathfinder for the MIRAX satellite mission. The experiment consists essentially in a coded-aperture hard X-ray (30-200 keV) imager with a square array (13$\times$13) of 2mm-thick planar CZT detectors with a total area of 169 cm$^2$. The total, fully-coded field-of-view is $21^{\circ}\times 21^{\circ}$ and the angular resolution is 1$^{\circ}$43'. In this paper we describe the protoMIRAX instrument and all the subsystems of its balloon gondola, and we show simulated results of the instrument performance. The main objective of protoMIRAX is to carry out imaging spectroscopy of selected bright sources to demonstrate the performance of a prototype of the MIRAX hard X-ray imager. Detailed background and imaging simulations have been performed for protoMIRAX balloon flights. The 3$\sigma$ sensitivity for the 30-200 keV range is ~1.9 $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ for an integration time of 8 hs at an atmospheric depth of 2.7 g cm$^{-2}$ and an average zenith angle of 30$^{\circ}$. We have developed an attitude control system for the balloon gondola and new data handling and ground systems that also include prototypes for the MIRAX satellite. We present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of the camera response at balloon altitudes, showing the expected background level and the detailed sensitivity of protoMIRAX. We also present the results of imaging simulations of the Crab region. The results show that protoMIRAX is capable of making spectral and imaging observations of bright hard X-ray source fields. Furthermore, the balloon observations will carry out very important tests and demonstrations of MIRAX hardware and software in a near space environment.Comment: 9 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Primer registro fotográfico de la acción depredadora de cerdos asilvestrados sobre crías de carpinchos en la Reserva Natural Iberá

Presentamos evidencias fotográficas de un evento de depredación de crías de carpincho, Hydrochoerushydrochaeris (Brisson, 1762), por chanchos asilvestrados, Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758), recolectadas mediante cámaras trampa en la Reserva Natural Iberá. Si bien es conocido el impacto negativo de esta especie sobre los ecosistemas, el registro presentado aporta evidencias que, sumada a la información obtenida por observación directa, respaldan la hipótesis de que los chanchos asilvestrados afectan a la fauna nativa, no solo por la modificación del hábitat y competencia, sino también por depredación. Por otra parte, se resalta la importancia de los registros fotográficos como herramienta para mejorar la visualización de la problemática.We present photographic evidence of a predation event of capybara offspring, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Brisson, 1762), by feral pigs, Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758) registered by camera traps in the Iberá Nature Reserve. Although the negative impact of this species on ecosystems is well known, direct observations and the record presented herein provides evidence to support the hypothesis that, in addition to the information obtained by visual encounters, feral pigs affect native fauna, not only by habitat modification and competition, but also by direct predation. On the other hand, the importance of photographic records is highlighted as a tool to improve the visualization of the problem.Fil: Avila, Ana Belen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: de Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente.; Argentin

Clean Energy Certification in Brazil: A proposal

Given the overwhelming scientific evidence on climate change, voluntary reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is becoming increasingly important, especially as diplomatic efforts to secure the commitment of United Nations has proven ineffective. Brazil believes its energy matrix is sufficiently renewable and clean. This may be the reason why there aren’t more official efforts to certify reduced emissions due to the use of clean energy sources. Nevertheless, there are financial incentives for using clean energy sources. In order to avoid the misuse of financial incentives, the electricity regulator in Brazil has developed strict supervision methodology. However, there is no data on avoided emissions. Herein we propose a methodology to certify greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions using best principles of governance. This methodology is based on official data, calculates the emissions avoided and the equivalent reforestation required to produce the same effect, thus making the results tangible for a less specialized audience. We also describe our practical experience with 120 consuming units that add up to over 1,500 GWh/year