Socio-demographic and nutritional characteristics of Brazilian children under 2 years of age who were beneficiaries of conditional cash transfer programs in 2006

The conditional cash transfer programs (PTCR) seek to combat poverty and hunger and to ensure food security. Children under the age of two of beneficiary families are more vulnerable to environmental conditions. This study seeks to describe this population according to socio-economic, demographic and nutritional variables. Secondary data from the National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS-2006) were used. Data were described using mean and standard deviations. Associations were described using the chi-square test with confidence intervals of 95%. Of the 1735 children, 29.4% were PCTR beneficiaries with average family income of R$430.20 and average benefits of R$75. Among those living in the Northeast or in the rural area of the country, one in every three received benefits. Among those experiencing severe food insecurity, 52.3% were PTCR beneficiaries. Children from socio-economic classes D and E and whose mothers had less than four years education were associated with PTCR. Among the nutritional disorders of child beneficiaries, overweight for age prevailed. Of those who ceased exclusive breastfeeding in less than two months, 31.2% were beneficiaries. The need for preventive nutritional education was identified in order to optimize the use of benefits.Programas de transferência condicionada de renda (PTCR) visam o combate à pobreza e à fome e a garantia da segurança alimentar. Crianças menores de 2 anos de famílias beneficiárias são mais vulneráveis às condições ambientais. Este estudo objetiva caracterizar esta população segundo variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e nutricionais. Utilizaram-se dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Crian ça e da Mulher (PNDS-2006). Descreveram-se os dados em média e desvios-padrão. Para as associações utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Das 1735 crianças 29,4% eram beneficiárias de PTCR com renda média familiar de R$430,20 e valor médio dos benefícios de R$75. Dentre as que residiam no Nordeste ou na região rural do país, uma em cada três recebiam PTCR. Entre as que viviam em insegurança alimentar grave, 52,3% pertenciam a PTCR. Classes econômicas D e E e baixa escolaridade materna associaram-se a PTCR. Entre os desvios nutricionais das crianças beneficiárias, prevaleceu o peso elevado para idade. Das que interromperam o aleitamento materno exclusivo antes dos dois meses, 31,2% eram de PTCR. Identifica-se a necessidade de educação nutricional preventiva a fim de otimizar a utilização do benefício.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PediatriaUNIFESP, Depto. de PediatriaSciEL

Food insecurity in Brazilian families with children under five years of age

This article analyzes food insecurity and hunger in Brazilian families with children under five years of age. This was a nationally representative cross-sectional study using data from the National Demographic and Health Survey on Women and Children (PNDS-2006), in which the outcome variable was moderate to severe food insecurity, measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). Prevalence estimates and prevalence ratios were generated with 95% confidence intervals. The results showed a high prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity, concentrated in the North and Northeast regions (30.7%), in economic classes D and E (34%), and in beneficiaries of conditional cash transfer programs (36.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that the socioeconomic relative risks (beneficiaries of conditional cash transfers), regional relative risks (North and Northeast regions), and economic relative risks (classes D and E) were 1.8, 2.0 and 2.4, respectively. Aggregation of the three risks showed 48% of families with moderate to severe food insecurity, meaning that adults and children were going hungry during the three months preceding the survey.Este artigo se propõe a estudar o processo de insegurança alimentar e fome em domicílios brasileiros com crianças menores de cinco anos. É um estudo transversal com representatividade nacional executado com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher (PNDS-2006) tendo como variável dependente a insegurança alimentar moderada e grave (IAM+G), medida através da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). Foram geradas estimativas de prevalência e razão de prevalência com intervalos de 95% de confiança. Os resultados apontam para alta prevalência de IAM+G concentrada nas regiões Norte e Nordeste (30,7%), nas classes econômicas D e E (34%) e em beneficiários de Programas de Transferência de Renda (PTR; 36,5%). O modelo de análise multivariada constatou que os riscos sociais (beneficiário de PTR), regionais (Norte e Nordeste) e econômicos (classes D e E) eram de 1,8, 2,0 e 2,4, respectivamente. Agregando-se os três riscos observou-se que 48% dos domicílios encontravam-se em IAM+G, ou seja, crianças e adultos passaram fome nos três meses anteriores ao inquérito.Se plantea estudiar el proceso de inseguridad alimentaria y el hambre en los hogares brasileños con niños menores de cinco años. Se trata de un estudio transversal a nivel nacional, realizado con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud de la Mujer y la Infancia (PNDS 2006), siendo la variable dependiente la inseguridad alimentaria moderada y grave (IAM+G), medidas mediante la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria (EBIA). Se generaron estimaciones de prevalencia y razón de prevalencia con intervalos de 95% de confianza. Los resultados muestran una alta prevalencia de IAM+G en el Norte y Nordeste (30,7%), en las clases económicas D y E (34%), y entre los beneficiarios de los programas de transferencias de renta (36,5%). El modelo de análisis multivariado descubrió que los riesgos sociales (beneficiario de programas de transferencias de renta), regionales (Norte y Nordeste) y económicos (clases D y E) fueron de 1,8, 2,0 y 2,4, respectivamente. Mediante la agregación de los tres riesgos se encontró el 48% de los hogares en IAM+G, o sea, adultos y niños tuvieron hambre durante los tres meses anteriores a la encuesta.1067107

Food insecurity in Brazilian families with children under five years of age

Este artigo se propõe a estudar o processo de insegurança alimentar e fome em domicílios brasileiros com crianças menores de cinco anos. É um estudo transversal com representatividade nacional executado com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher (PNDS-2006) tendo como variável dependente a insegurança alimentar moderada e grave (IAM+G), medida através da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). Foram geradas estimativas de prevalência e razão de prevalência com intervalos de 95% de confiança. Os resultados apontam para alta prevalência de IAM+G concentrada nas regiões Norte e Nordeste (30,7%), nas classes econômicas D e E (34%) e em beneficiários de Programas de Transferência de Renda (PTR; 36,5%). O modelo de análise multivariada constatou que os riscos sociais (beneficiário de PTR), regionais (Norte e Nordeste) e econômicos (classes D e E) eram de 1,8, 2,0 e 2,4, respectivamente. Agregando-se os três riscos observou-se que 48% dos domicílios encontravam-se em IAM+G, ou seja, crianças e adultos passaram fome nos três meses anteriores ao inquérito510671078COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESsem informaçãoThis article analyzes food insecurity and hunger in Brazilian families with children under five years of age. This was a nationally representative cross-sectional study using data from the National Demographic and Health Survey on Women and Children (PNDS-2006), in which the outcome variable was moderate to severe food insecurity, measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). Prevalence estimates and prevalence ratios were generated with 95% confidence intervals. The results showed a high prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity, concentrated in the North and Northeast regions (30.7%), in economic classes D and E (34%), and in beneficiaries of conditional cash transfer programs (36.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that the socioeconomic relative risks (beneficiaries of conditional cash transfers), regional relative risks (North and Northeast regions), and economic relative risks (classes D and E) were 1.8, 2.0 and 2.4, respectively. Aggregation of the three risks showed 48% of families with moderate to severe food insecurity, meaning that adults and children were going hungry during the three months preceding the surve

[food Insecurity In Brazilian Families With Children Under Five Years Of Age].

This article analyzes food insecurity and hunger in Brazilian families with children under five years of age. This was a nationally representative cross-sectional study using data from the National Demographic and Health Survey on Women and Children (PNDS-2006), in which the outcome variable was moderate to severe food insecurity, measured by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). Prevalence estimates and prevalence ratios were generated with 95% confidence intervals. The results showed a high prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity, concentrated in the North and Northeast regions (30.7%), in economic classes D and E (34%), and in beneficiaries of conditional cash transfer programs (36.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that the socioeconomic relative risks (beneficiaries of conditional cash transfers), regional relative risks (North and Northeast regions), and economic relative risks (classes D and E) were 1.8, 2.0 and 2.4, respectively. Aggregation of the three risks showed 48% of families with moderate to severe food insecurity, meaning that adults and children were going hungry during the three months preceding the survey.301067-7

Determinantes sociobiológicos da insegurança alimentar em residências com crianças menores de cinco anos: pesquisa nacional de demografia e saúde da criança e da mulher (PNDS - 2006/07)

Food Security is the right to regular and permanent access to nutritionally adequate food in sufficient quantity, without compromising access to other essential needs, based on food practices that promote health. The Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) is a psychometric scale that directly measures food insecurity at the household level, classifying it as mild, moderate or severe. The National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS-2006/07) was a national household survey, which together with indicators and measurement instruments in various areas, described Food Security prevalence. PNDS-2006/07 secondary data was used to analyze the association between food insecurity and sociodemographic and biological variables among Brazilian households with children under five years of age.The food security variable was dichotomized as food security or mild food insecurity (SA/IAL) versus moderate or severe food insecurity (IAM/G), and the first paper results showed high prevalence of SA/IAL concentrated in the North (N) or Northeast (NE) (30.7%), in economic classes D or E (34%), and beneficiaries of Cash Transfer Programs (PTR) (36.5%). The multivariate analysis model found that social risks (beneficiary PTR), regional risks (N/NE) and economic risks (classes D or E) were 1.8, 2.0 and 2.4, respectively. By aggregating the three risks we found 48% of households in SA/IAL, meaning that adult and children experienced hunger during the three months period preceding the survey. Second paper describes high prevalence of IAM/G (Food Insecurity) in households where mothers had fewer than 8 years of education (25.7%), lived without a partner (25.9%), or had three or more children living under the same roof (29.3%). In addition, it showed high prevalence of Food Insecurity in households with children under five, who have had at least one episode of diarrhea or pneumonia during the three months prior to interview (25.9%), had weight-for-age <-2.0Z (32.1%), or had not eaten meat (20.5%) or fruits and vegetables every day in the past seven days before interview (19.3%). Independently of geographic location (macro-region and urban-rural classification) and household variables (economic status, cash transfer program, living conditions, maternal education, marital status and number of children), the multivariate analysis model showed association between health of children living in food-insecure households and having had at least one hospitalization for diarrhea or pneumonia within the twelve months before the interview (aPR 1.3; 95%CI 1.1; 1.6), underweight shown by weight-for-age WAZ<-2.0Z (aPR 1.4, 95%CI 1.1; 1.7), and having not eaten meat (aPR 1.2, 95%CI 1.1; 1.4) or fruits & vegetables every day in the past seven days prior to interview (aPR 1.7, 95%CI 1.3; 2.3). There is a relationship between living in moderate or severe food insecurity and objective adverse child health outcomes. These relationships are shaped by the environment where the child is inserted, and may represent an important factor in the transmission of socioeconomic inequality across generations, impacting negatively on the prosperity of future Brazilian citizens.A Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional é a realização do direito de todos ao acesso regular e permanente à alimentos de qualidade, em quantidade suficiente, sem comprometer o acesso a outras necessidades essenciais, tendo como base práticas alimentares promotoras de saúde. A Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) é uma escala psicométrica que mede diretamente a insegurança alimentar em nível domiciliar, classificando-a em leve, moderada ou grave. A Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher (PNDS-2006/07) foi um dos inquéritos nacionais que, em conjunto com indicadores e instrumentos de mensuração em diversas áreas, utilizou a EBIA para descrever as prevalências de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional na população. Dados secundários da PNDS-2006/07 foram utilizados para analisar a associação entre insegurança alimentar e variáveis sociodemográficas e biológicas em domicílios brasileiros com crianças menores de cinco anos. A variável segurança alimentar foi dicotomizada em segurança alimentar ou insegurança alimentar leve (SA/IAL) versus insegurança alimentar moderada ou grave (IAM/G), os resultados do primeiro estudo apontaram para alta prevalência de IAM/G concentrada nas regiões Norte ou Nordeste (N/NE) (30,7%), nas classes econômicas D ou E (34%) e em beneficiários de Programas de Transferência de Renda (PTR) (36,5%). O modelo de análise multivariada constatou que os riscos sociais (beneficiário de PTR), regionais (N/NE) e econômicos (classes D e E) eram de 1,8, 2,0 e 2,4, respectivamente. Agregando-se os três riscos observou-se que 48% dos domicílios encontravam-se em IAM/G, ou seja, crianças e adultos experimentaram a sensação de fome nos três meses anteriores ao inquérito. O segundo estudo mostrou alta prevalência de IAM/G (Food Insecurity) entre domicílios com mulheres com escolaridade menor que 8 anos de estudo (25,7%), que viviam sem parceiro (25,9%) e que conviviam com três ou mais crianças residindo sob o mesmo teto (29,3%). Em adição, demonstrou alta prevalência de IAM/G em residências com crianças menores de 5 anos, as quais tiveram pelo menos uma hospitalização por diarreia ou pneumonia nos três meses anteriores à entrevista (25,9%), tinham peso-para-idade <-2,0Z (32,1%) ou não comeram carne (20,5%) ou frutas, verduras e legumes diariamente nos sete dias anteriores à entrevista (19,3%). Independente das variáveis demográficas (macrorregião e situação de domicílio) e domiciliares (classificação econômica, PTR, condições de moradia, escolaridade materna, estado civil e número de crianças), o modelo de análise multivariada mostrou associação entre desfechos de saúde de crianças menores de cinco anos residindo em domicílios com IAM/G e pelo menos uma hospitalização por diarreia ou pneumonia nos doze meses anteriores à entrevista (RP 1,3, IC95% 1.1; 1.6), desnutrição segundo o indicador peso-para-idade WAZ<-2.0Z (RP 1,4, IC95% 1,1; 1,7) e não comer carnes (RP 1.2, IC95% 1,1; 1,4) ou frutas, verduras e legumes (RP 1.7, IC95% 1,3; 2,3) nos sete dias anteriores à entrevista. Encontrou-se associação entre viver em insegurança alimentar moderada ou grave e efeitos adversos diretos à saúde em crianças menores de cinco anos. Essa relação, moldada pelo ambiente em que a criança vive, pode representar um fator importante na transmissão intergeracional da desigualdade econômica, impactando negativamente na prosperidade dos futuros cidadãos brasileiros.Dados abertos - Sucupira - Teses e dissertações (2013 a 2016

Food Insecurity And The Negative Impact On Brazilian Children's Healthwhy Does Food Security Matter For Our Future Prosperity? Brazilian National Survey (pnds 2006/07)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Food insecurity (FI) refers to limited or uncertain access to food resulting from financial constraints. Numerous studies have shown association between FI and adverse health outcomes among adults and children around the world, but in Brazil, such information is scarce, especially if referring to nationally representative information. Objective: To test for an independent association between FI and health outcomes. Methods: Most recent Brazilian Demographic and Health Survey using nationally representative complex probability sampling. Participants were 3923 children <5 years of age, each representing a household. Data from the validated Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale were dichotomized as food secure (food security/mild FI) or food insecure (moderate FI/severe FI). Poisson regression was used to test for associations between FI and various health indicators. Results: Models adjusted for socioeconomic and demographic variables showed that children hospitalized for pneumonia or diarrhea were 30% more prevalent in FI households (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.3; 1.1-1.6). Underweight children were 40% more prevalent in FI households (aPR: 1.4; 1.1-1.7). Children who didn't eat meat and fruits and vegetables every day were 20% and 70% more prevalent in FI households (aPR: 1.2; 1.1-1.4 and aPR: 1.7; 1.3-2.3), respectively. Conclusion: Children who grow up in food-insecure households have been shown to have worse health conditions than those in food-secure households. Consequently, their human capital accumulation and work-life productivity are likely to be reduced in the future, leading them into adulthood less capable of generating sufficient income, resulting in a cycle of intergenerational poverty and FI.374585598Brazilian Agency "Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel-CAPES' [15010-13-9]Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Association between socioeconomic and biological factors and infant weight gain: Brazilian Demographic and Health Survey - PNDS-2006/07

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between socioeconomic and biological factors and infant weight gain. METHODS: All infants (0-23 months of age) with available birth and postnatal weight data (n = 1763) were selected from the last nationally representative survey with complex probability sampling conducted in Brazil (2006/07). The outcome variable was conditional weight gain (CWG), which represents how much an individual has deviated from his/her expected weight gain, given the birth weight. Associations were estimated using simple and hierarchical multiple linear regression, considering the survey sampling design, and presented in standard deviations of CWG with their respective 95% of confidence intervals. Hierarchical models were designed considering the UNICEF Conceptual Framework for Malnutrition (basic, underlying and immediate causes). RESULTS: The poorest Brazilian regions (-0.14 [-0.25; -0.04]) and rural areas (-0.14 [-0.26;-0.02]) were inversely associated with CWG in the basic causes model. However, this association disappeared after adjusting for maternal and household characteristics. In the final hierarchical model, lower economic status (-0.09 [-0.15; -0.03]), human capital outcomes (maternal education < 4th grade (-0.14[-0.29; 0.01]), higher maternal height (0.02[0.01; 0.03])), and fever in the past 2 weeks (-0.13[-0.26; -0.01]) were associated with postnatal weight gain. CONCLUSION: The results showed that poverty and lower human capital are still key factors associated with poor postnatal weight gain. The approach used in these analyses was sensitive to characterize inequalities among different socioeconomic contexts and to identify factors associated with CWG in different levels of determination