Identificação e quantificação de compostos bioativos do coproduto de cervejaria, bagaço de malte, e determinação da capacidade antioxidante

The solid residues in the beer manufacturing process are generated, mainly in the wort filtration stage, composed by remains of the peel and pulp of the grains, mixed, suspended or dissolved in the wort. Once most of phenolic compounds of the barley grain are in the peel, brewer's spent grain is then considered to be a potentially valuable source of phenolic compounds. These confer important antioxidant properties to the body, preventing some pathologies that involve the participation of free radicals. In this work we evaluated the content of phenolic compounds from brewer's spent grain by ultraviolet / visible spectrometry and the characterization of these compounds by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total phenol content in this extract was 1.06 ± 0.54 mg EAG / g extract and 0.24 ± 0.07 mg EQ / g extract for flavonoids. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid (2.43 ± 0.04 mg / extract) and p-coumaric acid (0.16 ± 0.01 mg / g extract), known antioxidant compounds. The extract showed antioxidant activity of 23.17 mg/mL, that indicates the presence of constituents capable of capturing free radicals, as indicated by the HPLC analysis, characterizing this subproduct as a potential source of bioactive compounds.Los residuos sólidos en la fabricación de cerveza se generan, principalmente en la etapa de filtración del mosto, estando constituidos por restos de corteza y pulpa de los granos, mezclados, suspendidos o disueltos en el mosto. Dado que la mayoría de los compuestos fenólicos en los granos de cebada están contenidos en la cáscara, el residuo de malta o bagazo se considera una fuente potencialmente valiosa de compuestos fenólicos. Estos confieren importantes propiedades antioxidantes para el organismo, previniendo algunas patologías, que implican la participación de radicales libres. En este trabajo se evaluó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos del bagazo de malta mediante espectrometría ultravioleta/visible así como la caracterización de estos compuestos mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). El contenido total de fenol en este extracto fue de 1,06 ± 0,54 mg EAG/g y 0,24 ± 0,07 mg EQ/g para los flavonoides. El análisis por HPLC reveló la presencia de ácido gálico (2,43 ± 0,04 mg/g de extracto) y ácido p-cumárico (0,16 ± 0,01 mg/g de extracto), conocidos compuestos antioxidantes. La actividad antioxidante fue EC50: 23,17 mg/mL, lo que indica la presencia de constituyentes capaces de capturar radicales libres como lo indica el análisis de HPLC, caracterizando estos subproductos como una fuente potencial de compuestos bioactivos.Os resíduos sólidos na fabricação de cerveja são gerados, principalmente na etapa de filtração do mosto, sendo constituídos de restos de casca e polpa dos grãos, misturados, em suspensão ou dissolvidos no mosto. Uma vez que a maior parte dos compostos fenólicos dos grãos de cevada estão contidos na casca, considera-se então que o resíduo ou bagaço de malte seja uma fonte potencialmente valiosa de compostos fenólicos. Estes conferem propriedades antioxidantes importantes para o organismo, prevenindo algumas patologias, que envolvem a participação dos radicais livres. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o teor de compostos fenólicos do bagaço de malte por espectrometria no ultravioleta/visível bem como a caracterização destes compostos por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). O teor de fenóis totais neste extrato foi de 1,06 ± 0,54 mg EAG/g e 0,24 ± 0,07 mg EQ/g para flavonoides. A análise por CLAE revelou a presença do ácido gálico (2,43 ± 0,04 mg/g de extrato) e ácido p-cumárico (0,16 ± 0,01 mg/g de extrato), compostos antioxidantes conhecidos. A atividade antioxidante foi de CE50: 23,17 mg/mL, que indica a presença dos constituintes capazes de capturar os radicais livres como indicado pela análise por CLAE, caracterizando estes subprodutos como potencial fonte de compostos bioativos

Medicinal Plants from Northeastern Brazil against Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been linked with oxidative stress, acetylcholine deficiency in the brain, and inflammatory processes. In the northeast region of Brazil, various plants are used to treat several diseases associated with these processes; then an antioxidant test was performed with those plants in a previous work and twelve species with higher antioxidant activity were selected for AChE inhibition evaluation. The phenolic compounds content was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu test and flavonoid content with AlCl3 reagent using UV-visible spectrophotometry. The antioxidant activity was assessed analyzing the inhibitory activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and by the β-carotene/linoleic acid system and acetylcholinesterase inhibition using qualitative and quantitative tests. The combination of better acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities pointed out six species, in descending order, as the best potential sources of therapeutic agents against AD: Hancornia speciosa > Myracrodruon urundeuva > Copaifera langsdorffii > Stryphnodendron coriaceum > Psidium guajava > Mangifera indica. Besides, the phenolic compounds in the species probably contribute to these activities. However, further pharmacological studies to assess the specific applications of these plants against AD are required to confirm these results

Chemical composition and antioxidant potential of essential oils from different Ocimum species (Basil) / Composição química e atividade antioxidante de óleos essenciais de diferentes espécies de Ocimum (Manjericão)

Plants of the genus Ocimum are widely used in cooking, cosmetics and folk medicine, mainly antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant properties. This article examines the chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of essential oils of Ocimum varieties. The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). For the evaluation of the antioxidant capacities, three different methods were used: the 2,20-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method (DPPH), ABTS (2,2?-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) antiradical method and ?-carotene/peroxyl radicals (LOO•) systems. There was a great variability in the composition and some species had a high eugenol content: O. tenuiflorum>O. campechianum>O. basilicum var. ball>O. gratissimum >O. basilicum var. greek. Methyl chavicol, neral and geranial were components found in other Ocimum species. Better antioxidant efficiency was found in species with a higher eugenol content as Ocimum tenuiflorum by DPPH IC50 2.31±0.02 µg.mL-1, ABTS IC50 2.22±0.23 µg.mL-1 and ?-carotene/linolenic acid system IC50 16.11±3.59 µg.mL-1, equally statistically significant when compared to pure eugenol. Basil essential oils had higher eugenol content in five species with strong antioxidant potential, adding a differential value to the Food Industry in the production of new functional foods or biofilms for foods with functionalities of preservation or control of chronic diseases

Chemical composition, fatty acid profile and bioactive compounds of guava seeds (Psidium guajava L.)

Chemical composition, fatty acid profile and bioactive compounds of guava seeds (Psidium guajava L.) Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos

Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L.), Benitaka variety, grown in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil

Grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L.), Benitaka variety, grown in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil was evaluated in relation to chemical composition, and content of minerals and functional properties. Its microbiological quality and toxic potential, using Artemia salina sp, were also investigated. The results showed that the flour obtained from these residues had below neutral pH (3.82), moisture (3.33g/100g), acidity of (0.64g of citric acid/100g), and ash (4.65 g/100g). The amount of total dietary fiber (46.17g/100g) stood out quantitatively compared to the content of carbohydrate (29.2g/100 g), protein (8.49g/100g), and lipids (8.16g/100g). The total energy was 224Kcal/100g. With regard to the compounds with functional properties, higher values of insoluble fiber 79% (36.4 g/100 g); vitamin C (26.25 mg of acid ascorbic/100g), and anthocyanins (131mg/100g) were found. The minerals iron, potassium, zinc, manganese, and calcium were present in higher concentrations. There were no significant copper values. The results showed that the grape residues are an important source of nutrients and compounds with functional properties suggesting that they can be incorporated as an ingredient in the diet and/or used as a dietary supplement aiming at health benefits. The residues did not show microbiological contamination and were considered nontoxic

Chemical composition, fatty acid profile and bioactive compounds of guava seeds (Psidium guajava L.)

This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition, determine the fatty acid profile, and quantify the bioactive compounds present in guava seed powder (Psidium guajava L.). The powder resulted from seeds obtained from guava pulp processing. The agro-industrial seeds from red guava cv. paluma were used, and they were donated by a frozen pulp fruit manufacturer. They contain varying amounts of macronutrients and micronutrients, with a high content of total dietary fiber (63.94 g/100g), protein (11.19 g/100g), iron (13.8 mg/100g), zinc (3.31 mg/100g), and reduced calorie content (182 kcal/100g). Their lipid profile showed a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids (87.06%), especially linoleic acid (n6) and oleic acid (n9). The powder obtained contained significant amounts of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid (87.44 mg/100g), total carotenoids (1.25 mg/100 g) and insoluble dietary fiber (63.55 g/100g). With regard to their microbiological quality, the samples were found suitable for consumption. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the powder produced has favorable attributes for industrial use, and that use of these seeds would be a viable alternative to prevent various diseases and malnutrition in our country and to reduce the environmental impact of agricultural waste

Chemical Composition and Antifungal In Vitro and In Silico, Antioxidant, and Anticholinesterase Activities of Extracts and Constituents of Ouratea fieldingiana (DC.) Baill

Ouratea fieldingiana (Gardner) Engl is popularly used for wound healing. This study describes the main chemical compounds present in extracts of O. fieldingiana and evaluates their biological potential by investigating antifungal, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities. The action mechanism of main antifungal compound was investigated by molecular docking using the enzyme sterol 14-α demethylase, CYP51, required for ergosterol biosynthesis. The seeds and leaves were extracted with ethanol in a Soxhlet apparatus and by maceration, respectively. Both extracts were subjected to silica gel column chromatography for isolation of main constituents, followed by purification in sephadex. The structures of compounds were established by 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and identified by comparison with literature data as amentoflavone and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by the DPPH and ABTS free radical inhibition methods. In general, the extracts with the highest antioxidant activity corresponded to those with higher content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The ethanol extracts and two isolated compounds presented relevant antifungal activity against several Candida strains. The in silico findings revealed that the compound amentoflavone coupled with the CYP450 protein due to the low energy stabilization (-9.39 kcal/mol), indicating a possible mechanism of action by inhibition of the ergosterol biosynthesis of Candida fungi

Chemical Composition, Larvicidal Activity, and Enzyme Inhibition of the Essential Oil of Lippia grata Schauer from the Caatinga Biome against Dengue Vectors

Insect resistance and environmental pollution are among the drawbacks of continuous use of synthetic insecticides against the vectors of dengue, Aedesaegypti and Aedes albopictus. The objective of this study was to analyze the composition of the essential oil of Lippia grata Schauer collected from plants, in three periods of the year, to compare the larvicidal activity and enzymatic inhibition of the dengue vectors. The oilsanalyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), presented thymol and 1,8-cineole, as the main constituents, in all three periods. This composition was different from that found in previous studies of the species from different places, thus, suggesting a new chemotype of Lippia grata. Larvicidal tests were performed at concentrations of 100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5 μg.mL−1 and the essential oil from the rainy season showed the best results, with LC50 of 22.79 μg.mL−1 and 35.36 μg.mL−1 against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, respectively; this result was better than other reports. In the rainy period, however, there was a greater variety of components, which led to a better larvicidal effect, possibly due to synergistic action with minor constituents. Total proteins, amylases, and acetylcholinesterase of both species were inhibited by the oils