Transfer of MicroRNAs by Embryonic Stem Cell Microvesicles

Microvesicles are plasma membrane-derived vesicles released into the extracellular environment by a variety of cell types. Originally characterized from platelets, microvesicles are a normal constituent of human plasma, where they play an important role in maintaining hematostasis. Microvesicles have been shown to transfer proteins and RNA from cell to cell and they are also believed to play a role in intercellular communication. We characterized the RNA and protein content of embryonic stem cell microvesicles and show that they can be engineered to carry exogenously expressed mRNA and protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). We demonstrate that these engineered microvesicles dock and fuse with other embryonic stem cells, transferring their GFP. Additionally, we show that embryonic stem cells microvesicles contain abundant microRNA and that they can transfer a subset of microRNAs to mouse embryonic fibroblasts in vitro. Since microRNAs are short (21–24 nt), naturally occurring RNAs that regulate protein translation, our findings open up the intriguing possibility that stem cells can alter the expression of genes in neighboring cells by transferring microRNAs contained in microvesicles. Embryonic stem cell microvesicles may be useful therapeutic tools for transferring mRNA, microRNAs, protein, and siRNA to cells and may be important mediators of signaling within stem cell niches

Transfer of microRNAs by embryonic stem cell microvesicles.

Microvesicles are plasma membrane-derived vesicles released into the extracellular environment by a variety of cell types. Originally characterized from platelets, microvesicles are a normal constituent of human plasma, where they play an important role in maintaining hematostasis. Microvesicles have been shown to transfer proteins and RNA from cell to cell and they are also believed to play a role in intercellular communication. We characterized the RNA and protein content of embryonic stem cell microvesicles and show that they can be engineered to carry exogenously expressed mRNA and protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). We demonstrate that these engineered microvesicles dock and fuse with other embryonic stem cells, transferring their GFP. Additionally, we show that embryonic stem cells microvesicles contain abundant microRNA and that they can transfer a subset of microRNAs to mouse embryonic fibroblasts in vitro. Since microRNAs are short (21-24 nt), naturally occurring RNAs that regulate protein translation, our findings open up the intriguing possibility that stem cells can alter the expression of genes in neighboring cells by transferring microRNAs contained in microvesicles. Embryonic stem cell microvesicles may be useful therapeutic tools for transferring mRNA, microRNAs, protein, and siRNA to cells and may be important mediators of signaling within stem cell niches

ESMVs contain miRNAs.

<p>The relative abundance of several miRNAs in ESMVs compared with ESCs was determined by real time quantitative RT-PCR. The miRNAs tested include <i>miR-16</i> (lane 1), <i>miR-21</i> (lane 2), <i>miR-22</i> (lane 3), <i>miR-290</i> (lane 4), <i>miR-291-3p</i> (lane 5), <i>miR-292-3p</i> (lane 6), <i>miR-294</i> (lane 7), <i>miR-295</i> (lane 8), and the small nuclear RNA, <i>RNU6b</i> (lane 9). (A) Box plots of relative abundance in ESMVs compared with ESCs (n = 9). The boxed area represents the mean±quartile and the whiskers extend out to the minimum and maximum values. Bootstrap ANOVA was performed and a significant difference was detected between all groups (<i>p</i> = 0.008). (B) The 95^th percentile confidence interval for each miRNA was determined and plotted on a bar graph. Non-overlapping groups are significantly different from each other. RNU6b is significantly less abundant than all miRNAs tested except <i>for miR-22, miR-290,</i> and <i>miR-291.</i> The majority of miRNAs tested do not differ significantly from one another except for <i>miR-295</i>, which is significantly more abundant than <i>miR-290</i> and <i>miR-291</i>.</p

Primers used for RT-PCR.

<p>Primers used for RT-PCR.</p

ESMVs transfer GFP.

<p>ESCs without the GFP transgene were labeled with DiD and then incubated with ESMVs containing GFP. All confocal images were taken using a 100×, 1.4 NA objective with the pinhole set to 1 airy unit. (A) DiD signal from ESCs incubated with ESMVs. (B) GFP signal from ESCs incubated with ESMVs. Arrows indicate punctate signal, likely representing docked vesicles. Arrowheads indicate diffuse signal, likely from the diffusion of GFP inside the cell or from the production of newly translated GFP. (C) Overlay of A+B. (D) DiD signal from control ESCs without ESMVs. (E) No GFP signal can be detected in the absence of ESMVs. (F) Overlay of D+E. All scale bars are 5 μm.</p

ESMVs contain GFP mRNA and protein expressed from a GFP transgene in ESCs.

<p>(A) 300 ng of ESMV RNA from an ESC line expressing GFP were used for RT, and 35 cycles of PCR amplification were performed with the GFP primers shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004722#pone-0004722-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. A 2% agarose gel was loaded with the RT-PCR products from ESMVs (lane 1), ESCs (lane 2), and a “no RT” control of ESMVs (lane 3). A 406bp band corresponding to the GFP amplicon is observed in both the ESMV and ESC lanes. (B) (Left) Box plot of relative abundance of GFP in ESMVs compared with ESCs (n = 8). (Right) Comparison of amplification curves for <i>GFP</i> (top) and <i>β-actin</i> (bottom) in ESCs (1) and ESMVs (2). Note that while quantitative RT-PCR was performed in the linear range of amplification, (panel B), the end-point PCR products shown in panel (A) are only qualitative and well outside of the linear range. (C) Immunoblot of an 8% urea-SDS polyacrylamide/Tris-glycine buffered gel loaded with 20 μg total protein/lane, using polyclonal anti-GFP antibody (1∶1000) and horse anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1∶5000). The secondary antibody was conjugated to alkaline phosphatase and visualized with BCIP/NBT. A single ∼35kD immunoreactive band corresponding to GFP in ESCs (lane 1) and ESMVs (lane 2) was detected.</p

ESMVs contain RNA.

<p>ESMV total RNA lacks 28S and 18S rRNA and consists mostly of RNA below ∼2kb. (A) 1.2% denaturing agarose gel loaded with total RNA from ESMVs (lane 1) and ESCs (lane 2). (B) Digital gel images from capillary electrophoresis of total RNA from ESMVs (lane 1) and ESCs (lane 2). (C) Real time quantitative RT-PCR amplification curves for <i>β-actin</i> reveals much less expression in ESMVs compared with ESCs. (D) The relative abundance of several mRNAs in ESMVs compared with ESCs was determined by real time quantitative RT-PCR using the primers shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0004722#pone-0004722-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. The mRNAs tested include <i>gata-4</i> (lane 1), <i>jag-1</i> (lane 2), <i>jag-2</i> (lane 3), <i>nanog</i> (lane 4), <i>oct-4</i> (lane 5), <i>wnt-3</i> (lane 6), and <i>β-actin</i> (lane 7). Box plot of relative abundance of all mRNA tested in ESMVs compared with ESCs (n = 8). The boxed area represents the mean±quartile and the whiskers extend out to the minimum and maximum values. Bootstrap ANOVA was performed and a significant difference was detected between all groups (<i>p</i><0.0001). (E) The 95^th percentile confidence interval for each mRNA shown in (D) was determined and plotted on a bar graph. Non overlapping groups are significantly different from each other.</p

ESMVs transfer miRNAs.

<p>MEFs were incubated with ESMVs for 1, 12, 36, or 54 hours and transfer of miRNAs was determined by real time quantitative RT-PCR (n = 5). Time point 0 represents MEFs without ESMVs. The difference in Ct values between the negative control (MEFs alone) and each experimental group (miR-290, miR-291-3p, miR-292-3p, miR-294, miR-295, miR-16, and RNU6b) is shown. Positive values indicate transfer of miRNA.</p

A deletion in a photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor mRNA causes retinal degeneration in the rd7 mouse

The rd7 mouse, an animal model for hereditary retinal degeneration, has some characteristics similar to human flecked retinal disorders. Here we report the identification of a deletion in a photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor (mPNR) mRNA that is responsible for hereditary retinal dysplasia and degeneration in the rd7 mouse. mPNR was isolated from a pool of photoreceptor-specific cDNAs originally created by subtractive hybridization of mRNAs from normal and photoreceptorless rd mouse retinas. Localization of the gene corresponding to mPNR to mouse Chr 9 near the rd7 locus made it a candidate for the site of the rd7 mutation. Northern analysis of total RNA isolated from rd7 mouse retinas revealed no detectable signal after hybridization with the mPNR cDNA probe. However, with reverse transcription–PCR, we were able to amplify different fragments of mPNR from rd7 retinal RNA and to sequence them directly. We found a 380-nt deletion in the coding region of the rd7 mPNR message that creates a frame shift and produces a premature stop codon. This deletion accounts for more than 32% of the normal protein and eliminates a portion of the DNA-binding domain. In addition, it may result in the rapid degradation of the rd7 mPNR message by the nonsense-mediated decay pathway, preventing the synthesis of the corresponding protein. Our findings demonstrate that mPNR expression is critical for the normal development and function of the photoreceptor cells