Estresse, sintomas psicopatológicos e risco de d-atm (Disfunção da Articulação Temporomandibular) em estudantes universitários: um estudo de casos e controles

Introduction: scientific evidence suggests that stress and psychological symptoms play an important role on diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate clicking in individuals with stress and different psychopathological symptoms.  Methods: we compared 30 college students who experienced clicking with 60 healthy control volunteers. The participants received the pss-10 and scl-90-r Spanish versions. Odds ratio (or) and 95% ci were calculated to determine the risk of these variables for the presence of clicking using logistic regression.  Results: stress was weakly associated with the occurrence of clicking (or = 1.35, 95% ci: 0.46-3.95, p = 0.57). Being an individual with stress and depression (or = 2.92, 95% ci: 0.61-14.0, p = 0.16) and anxiety (or = 2.80, 95% ci: 0.69-11.31, p = 0.13) may increase the risk of clicking. In addition, depression (or = 7.00, 95% ci: 0.66–74.28, p = 0.07) and anxiety (or = 4.90, 95% ci: 0.78 – 30.80, p = 0.07) adjusted by pain symptoms seem to be important variables for some subjects. The risk of clicking in students with anxiety-depression comorbidity and stress was higher (or = 2.11, 95% ci: 0.40-11.15, p = 0.37). Moreover, there was a different risk when this comorbidity, stress and pain symptom were present (or = 4.30, 95% ci: 0.35-51.90, p = 0.21).  Conclusion: depression, anxiety, stress and pain may be predictors for development of TMD such as clicking. In this sense, the measurement of those conditions in these patients should be a priority.Introducción: la evidencia científica sugiere que el estrés y los síntomas psicológicos desempeñan un papel importante en las enfermedades. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar el clicking en individuos con estrés y diferentes síntomas psicopatológicos. Métodos: se compararon 30 estudiantes universitarios que experimentaron clicking con 60 voluntarios sanos como controles. Los participantes recibieron el pss-10 y scl-90-r en versiones españolas. Se calcularon los odds ratios (or) e ic al 95% para determinar el riesgo de estas variables para la presencia de clicking mediante regresión logística. Resultados: el estrés fue débilmente asociado con la ocurrencia de clicking (or = 1,35, ic al 95%: 0,46-3,95, p = 0,57). Ser un individuo con estrés y depresión (or = 2,92, ic al 95%: 0,61-14,0, p = 0,16) y ansiedad (or = 2,80, ic al 95%: 0,69-11,31, p = 0,13) pudieran aumentar el riesgo de presentar clicking. Además, la depresión (or = 7,00, ic al 95%: 0,66-74,28, p = 0,07) y la ansiedad (or = 4,90, ic al 95%: 0,78-30,80, p = 0,07) ajustadas por síntomas de dolor parecen importantes para unos sujetos. El riesgo de clicking en estudiantes con comorbilidad de depresión y ansiedad y estrés fue más alto (or = 2,11, ic al 95%: 0,40-11,15, p = 0,37). Por otra parte, existió un riesgo diferente cuando esta comorbilidad, estrés y el síntoma de dolor estuvieron presentes (or= 4,30, ic al 95%: 0,35-51,90, p = 0,21). Conclusión: la depresión, la ansiedad, el estrés y el dolor pudieran ser factores predictivos para el desarrollo de tdm como el clicking. En este sentido, la medición de esas condiciones debe ser una prioridad en estos pacientes.Introdução: a evidencia científica sugere que o estresse e os sintomas psicológicos desempenham um papel importante nas doenças. O escopo do estudo foi investigar a d-atm em indivíduos com estresse e diferentes sintomas psicopatológicos. Métodos: foram contrastados 30 estudantes universitários que experimentaram d-atm com 60 voluntários saudáveis como grupo de controle. Os participantes receberam o pss-10 e scl-90-r em versões espanholas. Foram calculados as or (razão de possibilidades) e ic a 95% para determinar o risco destas variáveis para a presença de d-atm mediante regressão logística. Resultados: o estresse foi levemente associado com ocorrência de d-atm (or = 1,35, ic a 95%: 0,46-3,95, p = 0,57). Ser um indivíduo com estresse e depressão (or = 2,92, ic a 95%: 0,61-14,0, p = 0,16) e ansiedade (or = 2,80, ic a 95%: 0,69-11,31, p = 0,13) pudesse aumentar o risco de apresentar d-atm. Além disso, a depressão (or = 7,00, ic a 95%: 0,66-74,28, p = 0,07) e ansiedade (or = 4,90, ic a 95%: 0,78-30,80, p = 0,07) ajustadas por sintomas de dor arecem importantes para alguns sujeitos. O risco de d-atm em estudantes com comorbilidade de depressão e ansiedade e estresse foi maior (or = 2,11, ic a 95%: 0,40-11,15, p = 0,37). Por sua vez, houve um risco diferente quando essa comorbilidade, estresse e o sintoma de dor estiveram presentes (or = 4,30, ic a 95%: 0,35-51,90, p = 0,21). Conclusão: a depressão, ansiedade estresse e dor poderiam ser fatores preditivos para o desenvolvimento de estalidos por d-atm. Nesse sentido, a medição dessas condições deve ser prioritária nestes pacientes

Ruídos articulares em estudantes universitários

Introduction: to determine the prevalence of joint noise among 20-year-old university students in Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. Methods: The sample consisted of 173 individuals (77 men and 96 women), who were evaluated according to Temporomandibular Disorder Research Diagnostic Criteria (rdc/tmd Spanish version) Axis. Results: 36 individuals (20.8%) had joint noise; 32 (18.8%) were clicking and 4 (2%) had crepitation. The women/men ratio was 1.7:1 (p > 0.05). Individuals studying a health science career had a higher joint noise rate. In relation to joint noise characteristics, 24 temporomandibular joints (tmj) had clicking/crepitation at the reproducible aperture and 14 had clicking/crepitation at the reciprocal aperture. Additionally, 19 tmj had clicking/crepitation at the reproducible closure and 14 had clicking/ crepitation at the reciprocal closure. 18 (50%) students with joint noise had limited aperture; 68 (39.3%) students had muscular or joint pain when palpated; 17 individuals (47.2%) with joint noise had muscular or joint pain when palpated. Conclusion: The results show the clinical characteristics of joint noise among university students. The prevalence is similar to what is reported among other populations; there is an insignificant difference according to gender, and almost half of those with joint noise had muscular or joint pain when palpated. The presence of clicking is a good indicator of disk displacement with reduction.Introducción: determinar la prevalencia de ruidos articulares en estudiantes universitarios de 20 años de edad en San Juan de Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. Métodos: la muestra consistió de 173 individuos (77 hombres y 96 mujeres), quienes fueron evaluados de acuerdo con los Criterios Diagnósticos para la Investigación de Trastornos Temporomandibulares (RDC/TMD versión española) Eje I. Resultados: 36 individuos (20,8%) tuvieron ruidos articulares; 32 (18,8%) fueron clicking y 4 (2%), crepitación. La razón mujer/hombre fue 1,7:1 (p > 0,05). Los individuos que estudiaron una carrera de ciencias de la salud presentaron una mayor frecuencia de ruidos articulares. En relación con las características de los ruidos articulares, 24 articulaciones temporomandibulares (ATM) tenían un/a clicking/crepitación a la apertura reproducible y 14 tenían un/a clicking/crepitación a la apertura recíproco. Además, 19 ATM presentaron un/a clicking/crepitación al cierre reproducible y 14 presentaron un/a clicking/crepitación al cierre recíproco. Dieciocho (50%) estudiantes con ruidos articulares tenían una apertura limitada; 68 (39,3%) estudiantes tenían dolor muscular o articular a la palpación; 17 individuos (47,2%) con ruidos articulares tenían dolor muscular o articular a la palpación. Conclusión: estos resultados han mostrado las características clínicas de ruidos articulares en estudiantes universitarios. La prevalencia es similar a aquellas reportadas en otras poblaciones; existió una diferencia no significativa según el género, y casi la mitad de los individuos con ruidos articulares tenían dolor muscular o articular a la palpación. La presencia de clicking es un buen indicador de desplazamiento del disco con reducción.Introdução: odeterminar a prevalência de ruídos articulares em estudantes universitários de 20 anos de idade em Pasto, Nariño, Colômbia. Métodos: a mostra consistiu de 173 indivíduos (77 homens e 96 mulheres), que foram avaliados de acordo com os Critérios Diagnósticos para a Pesquisa de Transtornos Temporomandibulares (rdc/ tmd versão espanhola) Eixo I. Resultados: 36 indivíduos (20,8%) tiveram ruídos articular; 32 (18,8%) foram click e 4 (2%), crepitação. A razão mulher/homem foi 1,7:1 (p > 0,05). Os indivíduos que estudaram uma faculdade de ciências da saúde apresentaram uma maior frequência de ruídos articulares. Em relação as características dos ruídos articulares, 24 articulações temporomandibulares (atm) tinham um/a click/crepitação à abertura reproduzível 14 tinham um/a click/crepitação à abertura recíproco. Além disso, 19 atm apresentaram um/a click/crepitação ao fechamento reproduzível e 14 apresentaram um/a click/crepitação ao fechamento recíproco. Dezoito (50%) estudantes com ruídos articulares tinham uma abertura limitada; 68 (39,3%) estudantes tinham dor muscular ou articular à palpação; 17 indivíduos (47,2%) com ruídos articulares tinham dor muscular ou articular à palpação. Conclusão: estes resultados têm mostrado as características clínicas de ruídos articularesem estudantes universitários. A prevalência é similar àquelas reportadas em outras populações; existiu uma diferença não significativa segundo o gênero, e quase a metade dos indivíduos com ruídos articulares tinham dor muscular ou articular à palpação. A presença de click é um bom indicador de deslocamento do disco com redução

Ruídos articulares em estudantes universitários

Introduction: to determine the prevalence of joint noise among 20-year-old university students in Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. Methods: The sample consisted of 173 individuals (77 men and 96 women), who were evaluated according to Temporomandibular Disorder Research Diagnostic Criteria (rdc/tmd Spanish version) Axis. Results: 36 individuals (20.8%) had joint noise; 32 (18.8%) were clicking and 4 (2%) had crepitation. The women/men ratio was 1.7:1 (p > 0.05). Individuals studying a health science career had a higher joint noise rate. In relation to joint noise characteristics, 24 temporomandibular joints (tmj) had clicking/crepitation at the reproducible aperture and 14 had clicking/crepitation at the reciprocal aperture. Additionally, 19 tmj had clicking/crepitation at the reproducible closure and 14 had clicking/ crepitation at the reciprocal closure. 18 (50%) students with joint noise had limited aperture; 68 (39.3%) students had muscular or joint pain when palpated; 17 individuals (47.2%) with joint noise had muscular or joint pain when palpated. Conclusion: The results show the clinical characteristics of joint noise among university students. The prevalence is similar to what is reported among other populations; there is an insignificant difference according to gender, and almost half of those with joint noise had muscular or joint pain when palpated. The presence of clicking is a good indicator of disk displacement with reduction.Introducción: determinar la prevalencia de ruidos articulares en estudiantes universitarios de 20 años de edad en San Juan de Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. Métodos: la muestra consistió de 173 individuos (77 hombres y 96 mujeres), quienes fueron evaluados de acuerdo con los Criterios Diagnósticos para la Investigación de Trastornos Temporomandibulares (RDC/TMD versión española) Eje I. Resultados: 36 individuos (20,8%) tuvieron ruidos articulares; 32 (18,8%) fueron clicking y 4 (2%), crepitación. La razón mujer/hombre fue 1,7:1 (p > 0,05). Los individuos que estudiaron una carrera de ciencias de la salud presentaron una mayor frecuencia de ruidos articulares. En relación con las características de los ruidos articulares, 24 articulaciones temporomandibulares (ATM) tenían un/a clicking/crepitación a la apertura reproducible y 14 tenían un/a clicking/crepitación a la apertura recíproco. Además, 19 ATM presentaron un/a clicking/crepitación al cierre reproducible y 14 presentaron un/a clicking/crepitación al cierre recíproco. Dieciocho (50%) estudiantes con ruidos articulares tenían una apertura limitada; 68 (39,3%) estudiantes tenían dolor muscular o articular a la palpación; 17 individuos (47,2%) con ruidos articulares tenían dolor muscular o articular a la palpación. Conclusión: estos resultados han mostrado las características clínicas de ruidos articulares en estudiantes universitarios. La prevalencia es similar a aquellas reportadas en otras poblaciones; existió una diferencia no significativa según el género, y casi la mitad de los individuos con ruidos articulares tenían dolor muscular o articular a la palpación. La presencia de clicking es un buen indicador de desplazamiento del disco con reducción.Introdução: odeterminar a prevalência de ruídos articulares em estudantes universitários de 20 anos de idade em Pasto, Nariño, Colômbia. Métodos: a mostra consistiu de 173 indivíduos (77 homens e 96 mulheres), que foram avaliados de acordo com os Critérios Diagnósticos para a Pesquisa de Transtornos Temporomandibulares (rdc/ tmd versão espanhola) Eixo I. Resultados: 36 indivíduos (20,8%) tiveram ruídos articular; 32 (18,8%) foram click e 4 (2%), crepitação. A razão mulher/homem foi 1,7:1 (p > 0,05). Os indivíduos que estudaram uma faculdade de ciências da saúde apresentaram uma maior frequência de ruídos articulares. Em relação as características dos ruídos articulares, 24 articulações temporomandibulares (atm) tinham um/a click/crepitação à abertura reproduzível 14 tinham um/a click/crepitação à abertura recíproco. Além disso, 19 atm apresentaram um/a click/crepitação ao fechamento reproduzível e 14 apresentaram um/a click/crepitação ao fechamento recíproco. Dezoito (50%) estudantes com ruídos articulares tinham uma abertura limitada; 68 (39,3%) estudantes tinham dor muscular ou articular à palpação; 17 indivíduos (47,2%) com ruídos articulares tinham dor muscular ou articular à palpação. Conclusão: estes resultados têm mostrado as características clínicas de ruídos articularesem estudantes universitários. A prevalência é similar àquelas reportadas em outras populações; existiu uma diferença não significativa segundo o gênero, e quase a metade dos indivíduos com ruídos articulares tinham dor muscular ou articular à palpação. A presença de click é um bom indicador de deslocamento do disco com redução

Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns

This paper provides an analysis of the distribution patterns of marine biodiversity and summarizes the major activities of the Census of Marine Life program in the Caribbean region. The coastal Caribbean region is a large marine ecosystem (LME) characterized by coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrasses, but including other environments, such as sandy beaches and rocky shores. These tropical ecosystems incorporate a high diversity of associated flora and fauna, and the nations that border the Caribbean collectively encompass a major global marine biodiversity hot spot. We analyze the state of knowledge of marine biodiversity based on the geographic distribution of georeferenced species records and regional taxonomic lists. A total of 12,046 marine species are reported in this paper for the Caribbean region. These include representatives from 31 animal phyla, two plant phyla, one group of Chromista, and three groups of Protoctista. Sampling effort has been greatest in shallow, nearshore waters, where there is relatively good coverage of species records; offshore and deep environments have been less studied. Additionally, we found that the currently accepted classification of marine ecoregions of the Caribbean did not apply for the benthic distributions of five relatively well known taxonomic groups. Coastal species richness tends to concentrate along the Antillean arc (Cuba to the southernmost Antilles) and the northern coast of South America (Venezuela – Colombia), while no pattern can be observed in the deep sea with the available data. Several factors make it impossible to determine the extent to which these distribution patterns accurately reflect the true situation for marine biodiversity in general: (1) highly localized concentrations of collecting effort and a lack of collecting in many areas and ecosystems, (2) high variability among collecting methods, (3) limited taxonomic expertise for many groups, and (4) differing levels of activity in the study of different taxa

Incidencia de los proyectos de Vinculación con la Sociedad de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana. Vol 2

Con este mismo título, en diciembre de 2021, apareció el primer volumen de este trabajo. La intención fue sistematizar algunos proyectos de vinculación que habían logrado impactos sociales en términos cualitativos y de innovación educativa. En esa oportunidad se presentó una obra con diez capítulos de reflexión, sistematización, análisis y descripción de la trascendental importancia que implica, para la UPS, la vinculación con la sociedad. Ahora, al cumplir la UPS 28 años de vida institucional, presentamos este segundo volumen, que recoge en 14 capítulos el trabajo de 3 docentes, administrativos, estudiantes e investigadores invitados de distintos campos científicos. Es la continuación de la sistematización de los proyectos de vinculación emblemáticos que se han desarrollado en las sedes de Cuenca, Quito y Guayaquil de la universidad. EN cada uno de ellos se podrá encontrar el esfuerzo que la UPS ha desarrollado en estos 28 años, desde su fundación, para conseguir transformaciones sociales. Fiel a su misión y visión institucional, ha desplegado un arduo trabajo en el capo científico, tecnológico y cultural, dándose a conocer como una institución de excelencia académica, producción científica, responsabilidad social y capacidad de incidir en el desarrollo de la sociedad ecuatorian

Experiencias en el aula: tercer encuentro de prácticas pedagógicas innovadoras.

Experiencias de profesores en su quehacer en los distintos ambientes de aprendizaje presenciales y a distancia.Para el Centro de Excelencia Docente aeiou constituye un honor presentar la publicación del Tercer Encuentro de Prácticas Pedagógicas Innovadoras en el que se destacan cuarenta trabajos de profesores de UNIMINUTO provenientes de diferentes sedes. Con este encuentro son ya tres que bajo la dirección de aeiou los profesores han compartido su quehacer en los distintos ambientes de aprendizaje presenciales y a distancia. Cada año el Centro de Excelencia Docente invita a los profesores a participar en este evento, para el 2108 además de la inscripción voluntaria por parte de cada profesor, se invitó al estudiantado a que postularan a sus profesores que consideraban eran innovadores y creativos en el cumplimiento de su función docente y se obtuvo una respuesta importante por parte de los estudiantes, que para algunos profesores resultó sorpresiva porque quizás no habían considerado que el trabajo que hacían en su ambiente de aprendizaje era diferente, fuera de lo común. Luego de una evaluación de jurados nacionales e internacionales de las prácticas presentadas y de la realización del evento, que tuvo como novedad hacerlo de forma simultánea en cuatro sedes donde UNIMINUTO tiene presencia: Buga, Ibagué, Pereira y Bogotá, se comparte la presente publicación para tener como referencia y evidencia el trabajo que los profesores hacen a diario

Cuentos de nunca acabar. Aproximaciones desde la interculturalidad

Cuentos de nunca acabar. Aproximaciones desde la interculturalidad, surge después de la pandemia y su imposibilidad de socializar “en persona” con los compañeros de eventuales encuentros, porque la Comprensión Lectora tenía que reinventarse para su nueva reflexión cognitiva, adaptación contextual y reconstrucción del conocimiento. Este renovado enfoque de la realidad postpandemia, concebido en el marco de la educación intercultural comunitaria, busca potencializar los entornos naturales, sociales y culturales como recursos de aprendizaje multidisciplinario a través del lenguaje animado de los cuentos. En este marco, había que dinamizar la asignatura de Comunicación Oral y Escrita, que se dicta en los Primeros Niveles de los Centros de Apoyo de Otavalo, Cayambe, Latacunga y Riobamba, mediante un eje transversal donde los estudiantes escriban fundamentados en valores de la cosmovisión andina, considerando que provienen de varios lugares de la sierra y amazonía ecuatoriana. Todo surgió del encuentro presencial de un sábado cualquiera donde los estudiantes realizaban ejercicios narrativos, logrando una apreciable respuesta de imaginación, más emotiva que la clásica tarea de las Unidades, tanto así que, pasados unos días, seguían llegando sus escritos a mi correo. Entonces nos pusimos manos a la obra, cada estudiante tendría dos opciones como Actividad Integradora, la primera consistía en escribir un cuento de su propia inspiración, y la segunda analizar un clásico para comentar sus valores y antivalores. La mayor parte de estudiantes decidió escribir su propio cuento, de donde se escogieron algunas participaciones que podrían considerarse originales, para una edición que, respetando la transcripción de la tradición oral que prima en los sectores comunitarios, nos concretamos en revisar la puntuación y ortografía para publicarlos. Con esto buscamos innovar la Actividad Integradora, por algo más práctico y operativo para configurar los Objetos de Aprendizaje que buscamos. Así nació, en medio del camino, este libro de Cuentos de nunca acabar. Aproximaciones desde la interculturalidad, que ponemos en sus manos. Hernán Hermosa Mantilla Quito, junio de 202

Population dynamics and genetic structure of locally dominant species on coral reefs: a case study of the soft corals Sinularia flexibilis and Clavularia koellikeri

The population genetics and demography of soft corals, the second most abundant benthic invertebrate group on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), were investigated to identify the proceses that determine their abundance and distribution. The study focusses particularly on the interplay between the demographic proceses and life history strategies of soft corals that commonly lead to their dominance in many coral reef communities. My general objective was to identify the mechanisms that allow soft coral species, specifically Sinularia flexibilis and Clavularia koellikeri, to dominate nearshore communities and to determine the likely time scales involved.\ud \ud One potential mechanism to attain high cover is rapid colonisation of newly opened substrata, thus pre-empting space and preventing recruitment by potential competitors. The mortality caused by the 1998-bleaching event constituted an opportunity to evaluate the role that recruitment plays in the dynamics of recovering soft coral assemblages. Living cover declined by half at study sites on nearshore reefs in the Palm Island group (central GBR) that had been dominated by soft corals prior to the bleaching. In contrast to the common expectation that soft corals rapidly colonise substrata, a slow recovery was documented in the three years following the mortality, with soft coral cover increasing by only 16% between 1998 and 2000. The slowness of this recovery indicates that high cover is neither the result of rapid recruitment through sexual nor asexual recruits, at least in the time frame of this study.\ud \ud Colonies of Sinularia flexibilis (Alcyoniidae) had size-dependent growth and mortality rates, and a high population turnover mostly derived from asexual replication. Small colonies generally increased in area by three-fold per year, whereas large colonies decreased in size mainly by binary fission. Despite the ability of small colonies to grow relatively rapidly, a matrix modelling study showed that population growth was variable among localities and time intervals, but all casese leading to increasing populations. Also, this study indicates that changes in the rates of colony growth, fission and stasis all have the potential to contribute equally to population growth. This finding is in stark contrast to studies of most other clonal species, which have found that stasis, especially of the largest sizes, largely controls their demography. Thus, although most vital rates in Sinularia flexibilis were characteristic of a clonal species, the finding that demographic proceses in all size classses contribute similarly to population growth is novel.\ud \ud Despite the larger contribution of asexual compared to sexual reproduction to population increases found in the demographic study, population genetic structures were not highly clonal at small spatial scales. Small-scale mapping of genotypes indicated that more than 60% of genotypes were unique, with the largest genet being represented by only nine daughter colonies. A high genetic diversity was also characteristic of populations of this species surveyed on 12 reefs and of Clavularia koellikeri (Clavulariidae) on six reefs, including both inshore and midshelf reefs along the length of the GBR. For both species, the population genetic structure was in agreement with that of a sexually reproducing species, when species were sampled at intervals ≥5m for S. flexibilis and m for C. koellikeri.\ud \ud Genetic differentiation among populations of the larval brooder Clavularia koellikeri was four to thirty times that found for the gamete broadcaster Sinularia flexibilis, depending on the spatial scale compared. It is likely that differences in genetic differentiation among populations of these species reflects differences in the duration of their larval phases, and consequently their ability to disperse

Microphytoplankton variations during coral spawning at Los Roques, Southern Caribbean

Phytoplankton drives primary productivity in marine pelagic systems. This is also true for the oligotrophic waters in coral reefs, where natural and anthropogenic sources of nutrients can alter pelagic trophic webs. In this study, microphytoplankton assemblages were characterized for the first time in relation to expected coral spawning dates in the Caribbean. A hierarchical experimental design was used to examine these assemblages in Los Roques archipelago, Venezuela, at various temporal and spatial scales for spawning events in both 2007 and 2008. At four reefs, superficial water samples were taken daily for 9 days after the full moon of August, including days before, during and after the expected days of coral spawning. Microphytoplankton assemblages comprised 100 microalgae taxa at up to 50 cells per mL (mean ± 8 SD) and showed temporal and spatial variations related to the coral spawning only in 2007. However, chlorophyll a concentrations increased during and after the spawning events in both years, and this was better matched with analyses of higher taxonomical groups (diatoms, cyanophytes and dinoflagellates), that also varied in relation to spawning times in 2007 and 2008, but asynchronously among reefs. Heterotrophic and mixotrophic dinoflagellates increased in abundance, correlating with a decrease of the diatom Cerataulina pelagica and an increase of the diatom Rhizosolenia imbricata. These variations occurred during and after the coral spawning event for some reefs in 2007. For the first time, a fresh-water cyanobacteria species of Anabaena was ephemerally found (only 3 days) in the archipelago, at reefs closest to human settlements. Variability among reefs in relation to spawning times indicated that reef-specific processes such as water residence time, re-mineralization rates, and benthic-pelagic coupling can be relevant to the observed patterns. These results suggest an important role of microheterotrophic grazers in re-mineralization of organic matter in coral reef waters and highlight the importance of assessing compositional changes of larger size fractions of the phytoplankton when evaluating primary productivity and nutrient fluxes

Stress, Psychopathological Symptoms and Risk of Clicking in College Students: A Case-Control Study

scientific evidence suggests that stress and psychological symptoms play an important role on diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate clicking in individuals with stress and different psychopathological [email protected]