SALPINGOHYSTERECTOMY IN A FEMALE BUDGERIGAR (MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS) DUE TO OVIDUCT IMPACTION

Female breeding tract disease is common in small psittacine clinical practice. The author makes a brief introduction to these issues, followed by a case report. In the latest, it is described the surgical resolution of oviduct impaction in a female budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Actualização da prevalência de Leishmaniose canina nos concelhos de Setúbal e de Palmela

A leishmaniose constitui uma das doenças tropicais mais negligenciadas em todo o Mundo. Na região Mediterrânica, a doença na forma visceral atinge preferencialmente crianças com idade inferior a três anos e adultos imunocomprometidos. É causada por protozoários da espécie Leishmania infantum. O cão é considerado o principal reservatório peridoméstico para a infecção humana, conferindo grande importância a esta zoonose em termos de Saúde Pública. A leishmaniose também possui elevada importância em Medicina Veterinária, por causar doença grave no cão. Não obstante, embora a infecção por Leishmania infantum esteja amplamente difundida na população canina das áreas endémicas, apenas uma fracção destes cães desenvolve doença clínica. O diagnóstico e tratamento precoces da leishmaniose canina são essenciais, quer para controlar a expansão da doença, quer como parte integrante de um sistema de controlo da leishmaniose visceral humana zoonótica. Estudos realizados na Península de Setúbal na década de 1980 estabeleceram a seroprevalência da doença na população canina em 11,5% (Abranches et al, 1983). Outro estudo, realizado na região de Lisboa entre Dezembro de 2002 e Dezembro de 2003, estimou a prevalência da infecção por L. infantum em 18,4% nos cães domésticos e 21,6% nos cães sem dono (Cortes et al, 2007). Neste trabalho foi efectuada uma actualização da prevalência de leishmaniose canina nos Concelhos de Palmela e Setúbal. Realizaram-se colheitas de sangue periférico a uma amostra aleatória constituída por dois grupos de cães: 100 que se apresentaram à consulta a uma clínica veterinária localizada em Palmela (representando cães com dono) e 83 cães abrigados por uma associação de defesa de animais, situada em Setúbal (considerados sem dono). O rastreio serológico foi efectuado com recurso ao teste de aglutinação directa e os soros com resultados positivos naquela reacção foram também analisados por contra-imunoelectroforese e imunofluorescência indirecta. Também foi feita pesquisa parasitológica por PCR no sangue periférico. Determinou-se a seroprevalência total de leishmaniose de 7,1%, para a população canina estudada (5% no grupo de cães da clínica e 9,6% para o grupo de cães da associação). Utilizando o teste de qui-quadrado, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos estudados. Foi preenchido um questionário no acto da colheita das amostras biológicas, para avaliar a importância de determinados factores (género, porte, proveniência, tipo de habitat, uso de repelentes do vector e co-habitação com outros cães) envolvidos na infecção. Embora os testes aplicados sugerissem algumas tendências, nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados se revelou como factor de risco de forma estatisticamente significativa.Leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases worldwide. In the Mediterranean Region, the disease, in the visceral form, is most important in children under three years old and immunocomprised adults. It is caused by a protozoan of the species Leishmania infantum. The dog is considered the main peridomestic reservoir for the human infection, which makes canine leishmaniasis a very important zoonosis as far as Public Health is concerned. Canine leishmaniasis is also highly important in Veterinary Medicine, because it can cause severe disease in canines. Nevertheless, although L. infantum infection is widely distributed in the canine population living in endemic regions, only a small proportion of these dogs will develop clinical disease. Early diagnosis and treatment of canine leishmaniasis are essential to control the spread of the disease and as part of a zoonotic human visceral leishmaniasis control system. In the 1980’s, studies developed at the Setúbal’s Peninsula established the seroprevalence of canine leishmaniasis at 11,5% (Abranches et al, 1983). In another study, developed in Lisbon area between December 2002 and December 2003, determined the prevalence of canine infection by Leishmania infantum as 18,4% for domestic dogs and 21,6% for stray dogs (Cortes et al, 2007). In the present study, the author intended to perform an update in the prevalence of canine leishmaniasis in Setúbal and Palmela regions. Blood was sampled from a random sample made of a hundred dogs that attended a veterinary practice in Palmela (representing dogs with owner), and 83 dogs from an animals’ shelter, located in Setúbal (considered stray dogs). The serum was used to perform direct agglutination test for leishmaniasis. Samples with positive results in this test were also analyzed trough counter-immunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescence test. Polymerase chain reaction was also preformed in peripheral blood samples. Total seroprevalence was 7,1% for the studied population (5% for the group of dogs from the veterinary practice and 9,6% for the group of dogs from the shelter). Based on chi-square test, there are no statistical significant differences between the studied samples. A quiz was filled, by the time of biological sample collection that allowed the author to evaluate the impact of some factors (such as origin, habitat, application of insecticides effective against the vector of the disease and living with other dogs) involved in this infection process. Although the tests suggested a few tendencies, none of the studied subjects proved to be a risk factor in a statistically significant manner

Salmonella spp. in pet reptiles in Portugal : prevalence and chlorhexidine gluconate antimicrobial efficacy

Research Areas: Infectious Diseases ; Pharmacology & PharmacyABSTRACT - A fraction of human Salmonella infections is associated with direct contact with reptiles, yet the number of reptile-associated Salmonellosis cases are believed to be underestimated. Existing data on Salmonella spp. transmission by reptiles in Portugal is extremely scarce. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in pet reptiles (snakes, turtles, and lizards), as well as evaluate the isolates’ antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles, including their ability to form biofilm in the air-liquid interface. Additionally, the antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the isolates was tested. Salmonella was isolated in 41% of the animals sampled and isolates revealed low levels of antimicrobial resistance. Hemolytic and lypolytic phenotypes were detected in all isolates. The majority (90.63%) of the Salmonella isolates were positive for the formation of pellicle in the air-liquid interface. Results indicate chlorhexidine gluconate is an effective antimicrobial agent, against the isolates in both their planktonic and biofilm forms, demonstrating a bactericidal effect in 84.37% of the Salmonella isolates. This study highlights the possible role of pet reptiles in the transmission of non-typhoidal Salmonella to humans, a serious and increasingly relevant route of exposure in the Salmonella public health framework.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Crescer com fibrose quística: Que qualidade de vida

Mucoviscidose, Fibrose Quística do Pâncreas, Fibrose Cística são várias designações para a mesma doença autossómica recessiva, cujo defeito genético está associado a uma mutação no cromossoma 7, que codifica a proteína dos canais de cloro. O objectivo deste artigo é mostrar os resultados de uma pesquisa bibliográfica em bases de dados referenciais às ciências da saúde relacionadas (CINAHL e Medline), tendo como termos de busca: fibrose quística, criança, adolescente e qualidade de vida. A fibrose quística é uma doença crónica que possui uma taxa de sobrevida actualmente situada nos 25-30 anos de idade ao contrário do que acontecia nas últimas décadas, pelo que há um desconhecimento sobre a percepção da qualidade de vida nesta população. É necessário conhecer o papel do enfermeiro na equipa multidisciplinar e como acompanha o crescimento dos doentes com fiibrose quística.Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas or simply Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease which is a result of a mutation in the chromosome 7 responsible to encode the protein of chloride channels. the purpose of this study is to accomplish a bibliographic research using renown scientifc databases (CINAHL e Medline) using the following terms: cystic 'brosis, child, adolescents and quality of life. We intend to study CF doe to its chronical nature, with a life expectancy of 25-30 years old in contrast to what happened in the past decades, so there is a lack of knowledge about the perception of quality of life in this population. It is necessary to know the nurse’s role in multidisciplinary team.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood, lymph node, and bone marrow T lymphocytes during canine leishmaniosis and the impact of antileishmanial chemotherapy

Dogs are a major reservoir of Leishmania infantum, etiological agent of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) a zoonotic visceral disease of worldwide concern. Therapeutic protocols based on antileishmanial drugs are commonly used to treat sick dogs and improve their clinical condition. To better understand the impact of Leishmania infection and antileishmanial drugs on the dog's immune response, this study investigates the profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in peripheral blood, lymph node, and bone marrow of sick dogs and after two different CanL treatments. Two CanL groups of six dogs each were treated with either miltefosine or meglumine antimoniate combined with allopurinol. Another group of 10 clinically healthy dogs was used as control. Upon diagnosis and during the following 3 months of treatment, peripheral blood, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow mononuclear cells were collected, labeled for surface markers CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, and intracellular nuclear factor FoxP3, and T lymphocyte subpopulations were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. CanL dogs presented an overall increased frequency of CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ double-positive T cells in all tissues and a decreased frequency of CD4+ T cells in the blood. Furthermore, there was a higher frequency of CD8+ T cells expressing CD25+FoxP3+ in the blood and bone marrow. During treatment, these subsets recovered to levels similar to those of healthy dogs. Nevertheless, antileishmanial therapy caused an increase of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells in all tissues, associated with the decrease of CD8+CD25−FoxP3− T cell percentages. These findings may support previous studies that indicate that L. infantum manipulates the dog's immune system to avoid the development of a protective response, ensuring the parasite's survival and the conditions that allow the completion of Leishmania life cycle. Both treatments used appear to have an effect on the dog's immune response, proving to be effective in promoting the normalization of T cell subsets.publishersversionpublishe

Meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine combined with allopurinol sustain pro-inflammatory immune environments during canine leishmaniosis treatment

Research Areas: Veterinary SciencesCanine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic disease of global concern. Antileishmanial drug therapies commonly used to treat sick dogs improve their clinical condition, although when discontinued relapses can occur. Thus, the current study aims to evaluate the effect of CanL treatments in peripheral blood, lymph node, and bone marrow cytokine profile associated with clinical recovery. Two groups of six dogs diagnosed with CanL were treated with miltefosine combined with allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate combined with allopurinol (MT+A and MG+A), respectively. At diagnosis and after treatment, during a 3-month follow-up, clinical signs, hematological and biochemical parameters, urinalysis results and antileishmanial antibody titers were registered. Furthermore, peripheral blood, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow samples were collected to assess the gene expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and IFN-gamma by qPCR. In parallel, were also evaluated samples obtained from five healthy dogs. Both treatment protocols promoted the remission of clinical signs as well as normalization of hematological and biochemical parameters and urinalysis values. Antileishmanial antibodies returned to non-significant titers in all dogs. Sick dogs showed a generalized upregulation of IFN-gamma and downregulation of IL-2, IL-4, and TGF-beta, while gene expression of IL-12, TNF-alpha, IL-5, and IL-10 varied between groups and according to evaluated tissue. A trend to the normalization of cytokine gene expression was induced by both miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate combined therapies. However, IFN-gamma gene expression was still up-regulated in the three evaluated tissues. Furthermore, the effect of treatment in the gene expression of cytokines that were not significantly changed by infection, indicates that miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate combined therapy directly affects cytokine generation. Both combined therapies are effective in CanL treatment, leading to sustained pro-inflammatory immune environments that can compromise parasite survival and favor dogs' clinical cure. In the current study, anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines do not seem to play a prominent role in CanL or during clinical recovery.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Meglumine antimoniate and miltefosine combined with allopurinol sustain pro-inflammatory immune environments during canine leishmaniosis treatment

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic disease of global concern. Antileishmanial drug therapies commonly used to treat sick dogs improve their clinical condition, although when discontinued relapses can occur. Thus, the current study aims to evaluate the effect of CanL treatments in peripheral blood, lymph node, and bone marrow cytokine profile associated with clinical recovery. Two groups of six dogs diagnosed with CanL were treated with miltefosine combined with allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate combined with allopurinol (MT+A and MG+A), respectively. At diagnosis and after treatment, during a 3-month follow-up, clinical signs, hematological and biochemical parameters, urinalysis results and antileishmanial antibody titers were registered. Furthermore, peripheral blood, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow samples were collected to assess the gene expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IFN-γ by qPCR. In parallel, were also evaluated samples obtained from five healthy dogs. Both treatment protocols promoted the remission of clinical signs as well as normalization of hematological and biochemical parameters and urinalysis values. Antileishmanial antibodies returned to non-significant titers in all dogs. Sick dogs showed a generalized upregulation of IFN-γ and downregulation of IL-2, IL-4, and TGF-β, while gene expression of IL-12, TNF-α, IL-5, and IL-10 varied between groups and according to evaluated tissue. A trend to the normalization of cytokine gene expression was induced by both miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate combined therapies. However, IFN-γ gene expression was still up-regulated in the three evaluated tissues. Furthermore, the effect of treatment in the gene expression of cytokines that were not significantly changed by infection, indicates that miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate combined therapy directly affects cytokine generation. Both combined therapies are effective in CanL treatment, leading to sustained pro-inflammatory immune environments that can compromise parasite survival and favor dogs' clinical cure. In the current study, anti-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines do not seem to play a prominent role in CanL or during clinical recovery.publishersversionpublishe

O recém-nascido com síndrome de abstinência neonatal: olhares e desafios para o enfermeiro em neonatologia

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Escala de apoio dos enfermeiros aos pais: um contributo para a parceria dos cuidados

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio