Building the Nation at the Crossroads of ‘East’ and ‘West’: Ernest Hébrard and Henri Prost in the Near East

The transition of the Ottoman Empire into nation-states was manifested through significant state-led changes in the fabric of its urban centres, especially in cities that had a multi-cultural character and lay in debated territories. Their urban transformation was the result of practical reasons such as need for post-war reconstruction, as well as ideological factors that stemmed from a commitment to modernization and a desire to enhance and underline their national identity. Many European architects were invited to participate in the re-design of such cities. This paper explores the cases of Thessaloniki and Izmir, which after ten years of conflict found themselves on the opposite sides of the Greco-Turkish border and were destroyed by fire in 1917 and 1922 respectively. Ernest Hébrard in the first case and Henri Prost in the second, belonging to the same network of architects and coming from the same educational background, were the main architects who left their imprint on the new plans of these two cities. This paper examines the background of their involvement and their role in the design of the two cities and aims to highlight the complexity of this cultural exchange, in which the ‘local’ and the ‘West’ cannot be reduced to single definitions, and whose negotiated product became the new urban space of each city

A tale of two cities in search of a new identity: The politics of heritage and modernisation in early 20th-century Izmir and Thessaloniki

Recent research on multiple modernities and hybridity has brought under fruitful criticism earlier Eurocentric accounts that constructed non-Western countries as passive receivers of European modernism. It has revealed the complexity of interactions across geographies and brought into focus processes of cross-pollination and interpretation, and the dimension of power and agency. However the majority of studies examine the relationship between a ‘Western’ and a ‘non-Western’ context, hence missing issues of influence and antagonism among the neighbouring ‘peripheral’ actors themselves. Building on this stream of scholarship and in response to this vacuum, my research examines the multi-directional flow of ideas and people between Western Europe, Turkey and Greece in the early 20th century, within the framework of modernisation and nation-building. Through this ‘triangulation’, it aims to contribute to the critique of constructed categories such as East-West bipolarities, to uncover unexplored interactions, and to address the complexity of drawing geographical and temporal borders. The window through which this exploration takes place is the transition of two cities, Thessaloniki and Izmir, from the Ottoman context to two separate nation-states. Having lost their minority communities and having been devastated by fire in 1917 and 1922 respectively, they were redesigned by French and English architects. Drawing from reader theory and critical studies on nation-building and modernisation, and based on extensive archival research in Greece, Turkey and France, I explore the urbanist and architectural activity in these two cities during a period when identities were debated and (trans)formed as the Ottoman Empire was dissolved. The relevance of this research lies in its offering a new approach to the modern architectural history of Izmir and Thessaloniki, with wider implications in terms of historical analysis, in its uncovering of unvoiced aspects of the region’s encounters with its past and with the deemed West, and in its contribution to a critical re-reading of our past and present today

Immediate post-operative effects of tracheotomy on respiratory function during mechanical ventilation

INTRODUCTION: Tracheotomy is widely performed in the intensive care unit after long-term oral intubation. The present study investigates the immediate influence of tracheotomy on respiratory mechanics and blood gases during mechanical ventilation. METHODS: Tracheotomy was performed in 32 orally intubated patients for 10.5 ± 4.66 days (all results are means ± standard deviations). Airway pressure, flow and arterial blood gases were recorded immediately before tracheotomy and half an hour afterwards. Respiratory system elastance (E(rs)), resistance (R(rs)) and end-expiratory pressure (EEP) were evaluated by multiple linear regression. Respiratory system reactance (X(rs)), impedance (Z(rs)) and phase angle (φ(rs)) were calculated from E(rs )and R(rs). Comparisons of the mechanical parameters, blood gases and pH were performed with the aid of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P = 0.05). RESULTS: E(rs )increased (7 ± 11.3%, P = 0.001), whereas R(rs )(-16 ± 18.4%, P = 0.0003), X(rs )(-6 ± 11.6%, P = 0.006) and φ (rs )(-14.3 ± 16.8%, P = <0.001) decreased immediately after tracheotomy. EEP, Z(rs), blood gases and pH did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: Lower R(rs )but also higher E(rs )were noted immediately after tracheotomy. The net effect is a non-significant change in the overall R(rs )(impedance) and the effectiveness of respiratory function. The extra dose of anaesthetics (beyond that used for sedation at the beginning of the procedure) or a higher FiO(2 )(fraction of inspired oxygen) during tracheotomy or aspiration could be related to the immediate elastance increase

Comperative evaluation of analysis Foyrier and multiple linear regression for the study of pressure and flow timed changes during mechanical ventilation

Two linear methods for the analytical estimation of the respiratory system mechanicalparameters are compared the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and the Fourier Analysis(FA) This comparison refers to their competence and reliability during mechanical ventilationin 3 groups of patients a) without respiratory disorder b) with Chronic Obstructive PulmonaryDisease (COPD) and c) with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Measurementswere applied in the usually applied range of ventilatory frequencies ((BF 0 17 0 33 Hz)externally applied positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP 0 10 hPa) Tidal volume (VT 300800 ml) before as well as after tracheotomy According to the results 1) The 2 methodsrevealed the differences of mechanical coefficients between the 3 studied groups of patientsElastance (Ers) Resistance (Rrs) Impedance (Zrs) Reactance (Xrs) phase angle betweenpressure and flow (Ors) time constant (Trs) and end expiratory pressure (EEP)) in allinstances accordingly 2) The two methods revealed clearly the influence of BF PEEP VTand tracheotomy on the mechanical parameters of the respiratory system 3) FA resultedgenerally to higher Ers Rrs Zrs Ors Trs and RMSD and to lower Xrs and EEP values thanMLR The higher differences between the 2 methods are noted in the ARDS & COPD groupsThis difference is influenced by the increase of BF PEEP and VTAlthough MLR depends on the total harmonic content of pressure & flow while FA is based onthe first harmonic term the two methods are equally reliable for revealing the underlyingpathophysiological respiratory disorder and the influence of BF PEEP VT and tracheotomyon the respiratory mechanic

Effects of PEEP on inspiratory and expiratory mechanics in adult respiratory distress syndrome

The purpose of the present study was to assess the mechanical behavior of the respiratory system separately during inspiration and expiration in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the influence of PEEP on any phasic variations of the mechanical respiratory parameters. Airways pressure (P), flow (V), and volume (V) signals were recorded in nine patients with ARDS and 10 patients without known respiratory disorder (control group). All patients were artificially ventilated at three levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP): 0, 5, and 10 hPa. Data were analyzed separately for inspiratory and expiratory records using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) according to the equation: P=Ers V + Rrs V’ + P-0, where Ers and Rrs represent, respectively, the intubated respiratory system elastance and resistance, and P-0 the end-expiratory pressure. In the ARDS group expiratory Ers (Ers(EXP)=45.58 +/- 4.24 hPa/L) was substantially higher (p &lt; 0.01) than inspiratory Ers (Ers(INSP)=36.76 +/- 2.55) with a marked effect of applied PEEP in diminishing the difference between Ers(EXP) and Ers(INSP) (P &lt; 0.01). For the ARDS group inspiratory Rrs (Rrs(INSP)) decreased significantly with increasing PEEP (PEEP=0: Rrs(INSP)=1643, PEEP=10: Rrs(INSP)=13.28, p &lt; 0.01). The found differences between Ers(EXP) and Ers(INSP) could be attributable to an influence of mechanical ventilation by positive airway pressure on pulmonary edema and interstitial fluid during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved

Effects of PEEP on inspiratory and expiratory mechanics in adult respiratory distress syndrome

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to assess the mechanical behavior of the respiratory system separately during inspiration and expiration in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the influence of PEEP on any phasic variations of the mechanical respiratory parameters. Airways pressure (P), flow (V′), and volume (V) signals were recorded in nine patients with ARDS and 10 patients without known respiratory disorder (control group). All patients were artificially ventilated at three levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP): 0, 5, and 10 hPa. Data were analyzed separately for inspiratory and expiratory records using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) according to the equation: P=Ers V+Rrs V′+P0, where Ers and Rrs represent, respectively, the intubated respiratory system elastance and resistance, and P0 the end-expiratory pressure. In the ARDS group expiratory Ers (ErsEXP=45.58±4.24 hPa/L) was substantially higher (p<0.01) than inspiratory Ers (ErsINSP=36.76±2.55) with a marked effect of applied PEEP in diminishing the difference between ErsEXP and ErsINSP (p<0.01). For the ARDS group inspiratory Rrs (RrsINSP) decreased significantly with increasing PEEP (PEEP=0: RrsINSP=16.43, PEEP=10: RrsINSP=13.28, p<0.01). The found differences between ErsEXP and ErsINSP could be attributable to an influence of mechanical ventilation by positive airway pressure on pulmonary edema and interstitial fluid during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle