The Return to and Expansion of \u3cem\u3eEscobedo\u3c/em\u3e

In 1966, the Supreme Court of the United States set out to correct the problems in America’s criminal justice system by creating procedural safeguards in a ground-breaking case: Miranda v. Arizona. These safeguards were created to protect innocent citizens from the psychological pressures and interrogation techniques used by police. However, these intended protections have failed. Subsequent Supreme Court cases have continued to rip apart Miranda’s procedural safeguards by placing a multitude of limitations on the doctrine, causing legal scholars everywhere to question Miranda’s effectiveness. This Comment explores both the history of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments and the foundational cases that Miranda was based upon. Additionally, this Comment will assess the subsequent limitations placed on Miranda itself and how those limitations have created “holes” for law enforcement to work through during interrogations. Lastly, this Comment will look at previous scholars’ arguments on “fixing” Miranda and proposes that the Court should revert to and extend Escobedo v. Illinois in order for Miranda’s intended protections to be successfully carried out

Association Between Efficiency of Movement Patterns and Basketball Performance: An Exploratory Study

Basketball is a sport that requires players to execute a variety of multidirectional movements that have technically-skilled components of both offense and defense. While research has explored the relationships between a) strength and conditioning measures and basketball performance and b) strength and conditioning measures and measurements of movement efficiency, at this time we are unaware of any research that has investigated if movement efficiency and basketball performance are inter-related. PURPOSE: To explore the association between efficiency of movement and basketball performance. METHODS: Pre-season, participants (n=17) were recruited from a men’s and women’s NCAA Division 1 basketball team. Spatio-temporal movement parameters and their inefficiencies were analyzed using the OptoGait. After a controlled warm-up, participants were asked to complete a 30-second treadmill walk and run, sprint 5 meters, and perform a single and double leg vertical and broad jump. Movement pattern efficiency for gait-based parameters was operationally defined as variance in lower limb movement (e.g., variance in gait speed, single leg support time), with greater variance being considered as inefficient. For jumping movements, inefficiency of movement was defined as larger landing areas and jump points. Basketball statistics were downloaded post-season and each player’s basketball statistics were normalized to 30 minutes. Zero-order correlations were used to identify the relationship between basketball statistics and movement inefficiencies. RESULTS: While there were many (178) significant relationships present, the direction of the relationships was as expected with larger inefficiencies in movement being associated with worse basketball performance. Variances in sprint acceleration were negatively associated with most basketball statistics, with some of the largest relationships being field goal percent (-0.647), free throw attempt (-0.912), and total rebounds (-0.844). CONCLUSION: Taken together, the findings suggest that players who move inefficiently during running and while jumping tend to perform worse when they are playing basketball. Although this study did not identify how these inefficiencies impacted player performance, the results from this exploratory study suggest that investigation into this area is warranted. Our findings provide evidence that strength and conditioning researchers should also seek to understand whether movement efficiencies influence performance in other sports and also further investigate these relationships in basketball players with larger sample sizes

Operation of a high purity germanium crystal in liquid argon as a Compton suppressed radiation spectrometer

A high purity germanium crystal was operated in liquid argon as a Compton suppressed radiation spectrometer. Spectroscopic quality resolution of less than 1% of the full-width half maximum of full energy deposition peaks was demonstrated. The construction of the small apparatus used to obtain these results is reported. The design concept is to use the liquid argon bath to both cool the germanium crystal to operating temperatures and act as a scintillating veto. The scintillation light from the liquid argon can veto cosmic-rays, external primordial radiation, and gamma radiation that does not fully deposit within the germanium crystal. This technique was investigated for its potential impact on ultra-low background gamma-ray spectroscopy. This work is based on a concept initially developed for future germanium-based neutrinoless double-beta decay experiments.Comment: Paper presented at the SORMA XI Conference, Ann Arbor, MI, May 200

Alpha Backgrounds for HPGe Detectors in Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay Experiments

The Majorana Experiment will use arrays of enriched HPGe detectors to search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of 76Ge. Such a decay, if found, would show lepton-number violation and confirm the Majorana nature of the neutrino. Searches for such rare events are hindered by obscuring backgrounds which must be understood and mitigated as much as possible. A potentially important background contribution to this and other double-beta decay experiments could come from decays of alpha-emitting isotopes in the 232Th and 238U decay chains on or near the surfaces of the detectors. An alpha particle emitted external to an HPGe crystal can lose energy before entering the active region of the detector, either in some external-bulk material or within the dead region of the crystal. The measured energy of the event will only correspond to a partial amount of the total kinetic energy of the alpha and might obscure the signal from neutrinoless double-beta decay. A test stand was built and measurements were performed to quantitatively assess this background. We present results from these measurements and compare them to simulations using Geant4. These results are then used to measure the alpha backgrounds in an underground detector in situ. We also make estimates of surface contamination tolerances for double-beta decay experiments using solid-state detectors.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, submitted to NIM

Sex Moderates the Fitness Tests - Performance Index Relationship in Collegiate Basketball: A Case Study

Performance indicators are used widely in sports, including basketball. Those total performance metrics are mathematical models that are used to determine the “best” athlete per game/week/season. Players with higher metrics get recruited more and/or get offered better contracts. During offseason, strength and conditioning coaches (SCCs) perform tests to determine the fitness levels of their players. Although those scores differ by sex, the fitness levels are associated with in-season sport performance and, therefore, performance indices. More insight in the fitness tests - performance index relationship in the collegiate basketball and the differential effects by sex would be valuable for all stakeholders (e.g., SCCs, sport coaches, sport agents). In the US, the Player Efficiency Rating (PER) and Efficiency (EFF) are the most commonly used basketball performance indices. PURPOSE: To investigate a) correlation between the uPER and EFF by sex and b) which fitness test most strongly correlates each index by sex. METHODS: Ten male and eight female basketball players (n = 18) from the same college participated. Several fitness tests (full court sprint, bench press, power clean, vertical jump, standing broad jump, and T drill) were performed in the off-season. Performance data, which were collected throughout the following season, were used to calculated unadjusted PER (uPER; equation not shown for space) and EFF (PTS + REB + AST + STL + BLK − Missed FG − Missed FT - TO) / GP). To examine the characteristics of fitness test distributions by sex, the means and standard deviations were generated for each sex. Pearson correlations were estimated as indicators for the relationship between the performance indices and also the relationships between each of the fitness tests and the performance indices by sex. RESULTS: Our results showed lower means and less variability of the fitness tests scores in women than men. The correlation between uPER and EFF in men was moderate (r = .359) and strong in women (r = .662). No strong correlation was found in men between any fitness test and EFF, while full court sprint was strongly correlated with uPER (r = .738). In women, strong correlations were detected between a) T drill and EFF (r = .574) and b) foul court sprint (r = .610), vertical jump (r = .662), and T drill (r = .659) and uPER. No statistical inferences were made due to the nature of the study. CONCLUSION: Our outcomes suggest that uPER and EFF reflect different amounts of information based on sex. Practical implications include that a) foul court drill scores may predict uPER more accurately in both men and women and b) T drill scores may predict both EFF and uPER more precisely in women. Future, larger-scale studies should replicate in other settings with larger samples. Limitations may include small sample size

Solubility, Light Output and Energy Resolution Studies of Molybdenum-Loaded Liquid Scintillators

The search for neutrinoless double-beta decay is an important part of the global neutrino physics program. One double-beta decay isotope currently under investigation is 100Mo. In this article, we discuss the results of a feasibility study investigating the use of molybdenum-loaded liquid scintillator. A large, molybdenum-loaded liquid scintillator detector is one potential design for a low-background, internal-source neutrinoless double-beta decay search with 100Mo. The program outlined in this article included the selection of a solute containing molybdenum, a scintillating solvent and the evaluation of the mixture's performance as a radiation detector.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure

Providing an Adaptive Research Data Infrastructure for Clinical and Translational Investigators

Data in its many forms is a critical component of effective and productive research. As technology continues to evolve, and the volume and variety of sources of data continue to grow, accessing and leveraging all of this information is an ever increasing challenge. Concurrently, technology and information science is also driving novel ways to analyze, visualize, process and store this increasing amount of data. The ability to take advantage of these growth areas in order to aid the research efforts of the university is a critical need. The challenge to bring all of these various components into a unified resource for the university is a prodigious and multidimensional one. A subsection of the target data streams and sources include primary source clinical data, secondary source research data, clinical trials research data, financial data, genomic data to name a few. These sources reside in multiple SQL databases, HL7 message streams, hospital tracking systems, billing systems, surveys and others. To aid in overcoming this challenge, there is an ambitious effort underway to create a platform that will facilitate the aforementioned goals. The IT department, through the efforts of its Research Computing Services division will be embarking on this leading-edge, collaborative, and much needed data repository. The proposed design of the repository will take the form of a data aggregation layer capable of handling many disparate data feeds and sources, storing data in ways that support multiple access and analysis methods, all while providing researchers with increased tools and visibility.If our ability to manage and learn from this rapid increase of information and technologies grows, then so will our research opportunities. The effect will bring new innovations to the research community here at the university and by extension the community at large

Four methods for determining the composition of trace radioactive surface contamination of low-radioactivity metal

Four methods for determining the composition of low-level uranium- and thorium-chain surface contamination are presented. One method is the observation of Cherenkov light production in water. In two additional methods a position-sensitive proportional counter surrounding the surface is used to make both a measurement of the energy spectrum of alpha particle emissions and also coincidence measurements to derive the thorium-chain content based on the presence of short-lived isotopes in that decay chain. The fourth method is a radiochemical technique in which the surface is eluted with a weak acid, the eluate is concentrated, added to liquid scintillator and assayed by recording beta-alpha coincidences. These methods were used to characterize two `hotspots' on the outer surface of one of the He-3 proportional counters in the Neutral Current Detection array of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory experiment. The methods have similar sensitivities, of order tens of ng, to both thorium- and uranium-chain contamination.Comment: 22 pages, 19 figure