Neural network based Numerical digits Recognization using NNT in Matlab

ABSTRACT Artificial neural networks are models inspired by human nervous system that is capable of learning. One of the important applications of artificial neural network is character Recognition. Character Recognition finds its application in number of areas, such as banking, security products, hospitals, in robotics also. This paper is based on a system that recognizes a english numeral, given by the user, which is already trained on the features of the numbers to be recognized using NNT (Neural network toolbox) .The system has a neural network as its core, which is first trained on a database. The training of the neural network extracts the features of the English numbers and stores in the database. The next phase of the system is to recognize the number given by the user. The features of the number given by the user are extracted and compared with the feature database and the recognized number is displaye

Internet Use by Teachers and Students in Engineering Colleges of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh States of India: An Analysis

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the use of the Internet and related issues among the teachers and the students of engineering colleges in India’s three States viz. Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. A well-structured questionnaire was distributed among the 1980 teachers and students of all the engineering colleges of the three states of India under study. The response rate was 80.9 percent. The present study demonstrates and elaborates the various aspects of Internet use, such as frequency of Internet use, methods used for learning of Internet skill, most frequently used place for Internet use, purposes for which the Internet is used, use of Internet services, ways to browse the information from the Internet, problems faced by the users and satisfaction level of users with the Internet facilities provided in the college. The result of the survey also provides information about the benefits of the Internet over conventional documents. The study was conducted particularly to find an answer to the question: Can the Internet replace library services? It was found that the Internet has become a vital instrument for teaching, research and learning process of these respondents. Some suggestions are set forth to make the service more beneficial for the academic community of the engineering colleges under study

OPTIMIZATION OF MEANDER LINE ANTENNA USING ACO TECHNIQUE

Meander Line Antenna is small size, low cost, light weight and higher efficiency antenna. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is one of the most recent techniques for approximate optimization. The inspiring source of the ACO algorithms is real ant colonies. ACO is inspired by ants foraging behavior. In this work ant colony system algorithm is used to optimize the antenna . Meander line antenna is designed using HFSS to ol and MATLAB is used to implement ACO algorithm. The structure of antenna is optimized. ACO is best adaptable technique for optimization of Mean der Line Antenna

Epidemiology of pre invasive and invasive lesions of the cervix at tertiary health centre in Punjab

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women globally, next to breast, colorectal and lung cancer and it is also the fourth most common cause of cancer death in women. According to the Indian council of medical research (ICMR), in India one woman dies of cervical cancer every 9 minutes. This study used PAP smear and histopathology to find out about the epidemiology of pre invasive and invasive lesions of the cervix at tertiary health centre in Punjab and their correlation with various social and demographic features.Methods: This prospective clinical study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Amritsar Medical College from May 2018 to April 2020, after taking approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee. The study selected 500 women randomly among the patients attending the Gynaecology OPD who met the inclusion criteria. Detailed history and PAP smear was taken at first visit followed by cervical biopsy amongst women with abnormal cytology report or with frank lesions of cervix.Results: Out of 500 women included in the study, majority of women (82.5%) were Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM), 4% women had Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 6.1% had low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and 16 (3.2%) had High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Amongst the histopathology reporting 15.62% patients had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN I), 6.25% patients had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II (CIN II), 3.12% patients had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III (CIN III), 6.3% patients had squamous cell carcinoma and 3.1% patient had adenocarcinoma of cervix. Age, low level of education, poor socioeconomic status, early marriage and multiparity are the risk factors found to be associated with pre invasive and invasive lesions of the cervix. (p<0.001).Conclusions: Though infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is essential for the development of the disease, there are other high-risk factors like age, poor education, low socioeconomic status, early age at marriage and high parity which are significantly associated with the occurrence of the disease. Therefore, our primary and secondary preventive measures must include the women who come under these high-risk categories.

Effects of tart cherry supplementation on markers of insulin resistance and gut integrity in mice fed western diet

Objectives: Tart cherries (TC) are rich source of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins and flavonoids that can promote health by influencing the gut microbiota. This study investigated the effects of TC supplementation on gut health and metabolic parameters in mice fed a western diet (WD).Methods: Six-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to dietary treatment groups in a 2x3 factorial design with diet (control [AIN-93M] or WD, 45% fat kcal and 26% sucrose kcal) and TC (0, 5, 10% wt/wt) as factors for 12 wks. At the end of dietary treatment, body composition was assessed, and tissues were collected to evaluate metabolic parameters and markers of gut health. Cecal content was used for bacterial and short chain fatty acid analyses. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's and Tukey's as post-hoc tests for the gut microbiota data and metabolic parameters, respectively.Results: TC at 10% dose significantly increased the abundance of the beneficial bacterial phylum, Actinobacteria, relative to the unsupplemented groups (p=0.018 and 0.010 vs control and WD, respectively). Relative cecal weight (p=0.007) and cecal propionic (p=0.0212), i-butyric (p=0.0183), i-valeric (p=0.0126), n-valeric (p=0.0261), and n-heptanoic acids were significantly increased with TC supplementation. Histological evaluation revealed reduced ileal villi height (p=0.0348), width (p=0.0042) and area (p=0.0132) with WD and TC did not alter this response. Overall, the expression of genes related to gut health was unaffected by both WD and TC supplementation. Body weight (p=0.0012), fat mass (p=0.007), fasting blood glucose (p=0.001), serum total cholesterol (p<0.0001), triglyceride (p=0.002), leptin (p=0.0011), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (p=0.0344), and resistin (p=0.0012) were increased with WD and TC had no effect on these parameters. Despite modest effects on metabolic parameters, the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR, a commonly used tool for assessing insulin resistance, was significantly improved by 5% TC (p=0.0003).Conclusion: TC supplementation restored some beneficial bacteria and increased short chain fatty acid production altered by WD. However, these changes in the gut did not translate to improvement in metabolic outcomes except for HOMA-IR. The mechanism by which TC improve HOMA-IR needs to be investigated in future studies

Assessing the Knowledge Regarding Breast Self Examination Among Nursing Students in Rayat Bahra University

In India, the incidence of breast cancer is increasing at an alarming rate and Breast Self Examination is an important method to identify it its earliest stage. Therefore, a study to assess the knowledge of Nursing students regarding Breast Self- Examination was conducted in Rayat Bahra University, Mohali, Punjab. Quantitative research approach was used in the study and using purposive sampling technique, data was collected from the sample of 95 students using structured multiple choice questionnaire. The present study exhibited that most of the students had inadequate knowledge and do not perform Breast Self Examination as a routine. Therefore, there is need to encourage the students to practice it as a routine so that the breast cancer can be detected at an early stage

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SENSILLA ON ANTENNAE AND MOUTHPARTS OF LARVAE IN TWO SPECIES OF DITRYSIAN MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA)

Systematics encompasses two more narrowly defined but highly interdependent fields. The first is taxonomy and the second field is phylogenetics. In modern systematics, taxonomy aims to reflect evolutionary history. The morphological traits of immature stages remain largely unresolved for a vast majority of the lepidopteran species worldwide, although they have potential to be applied in lepidopteran classification and systematic studies. The larval instars in Lepidoptera are signature examples of agricultural pests. The present study deals with SEM investigation of ultrastructure of different instars of two lepidopteran pest species i.e., Somena scintillans Walker 1856 and Trabala vishnou Lefebvre 1827. These findings will not only help in enriching taxonomic database but will also act as an aid for future studies aimed at devising pest control methods

Larval Development and Molting

The term larva applies to the young hatchling which varies from the grown up adult in possessing organs not present in the adult such as sex glands and associated parts. Insect development is of four types namely Ametabolous, Paurometabolous, Hemimetabolous and Holometabolous. The larvae appear in variety of forms and are termed as caterpillars, grubs or maggots in different insects groups. The larval development consists of series of stages in which each stage is separated from the next by a molt. It’s a complex process involving hormones, proteins and enzymes. Insects grow in increments. The molting is the process through which insects can routinely cast off their exoskeleton during specific times in their life cycle. The insect form in between two subsequent molts is termed as instar. The number of instars varies from 3 to 40 in different insect orders depending on the surrounding environmental and other conditions such as inheritance, sex, food quality and quantity. The larvae are categorized into four types namely Protopod larva, Polypod larva, Oligopod larva and Apodous larva