Thermoprocessed starch-polyester bilayer films as affected by the addition of gellar or xantham gum

[EN] Monolayer films based on cassava starch (CS) or maize starch (MS), with and without 10% of gellan or xanthan gum, and PLA-PHBV (75:25) blend films, were obtained by melt-blending and compression moulding, using glycerol (for starch blends) and PEG 1000 (for polyester blends) as plasticisers. Bilayer films were obtained by thermo-compression of the different starch based sheets with the polyester sheet. Both mono and bilayers were characterised as to their mechanical and barrier properties, equilibrium moisture, water solubility and microstructure. The incorporation of gellan gum and xanthan gum improved the mechanical properties of starch-based films, especially in the case of MS, although the highest EM and TS values were obtained for CS-gum films. The incorporation of either gellan or xanthan gum decreased the water vapour and oxygen permeability of starch-based films; the CS films with gums being the least permeable to oxygen. The lowest changes in mechanical properties throughout storage were obtained in cassava starch-based films, especially those containing xanthan gum. Starch based-polyester bilayers presented a high oxygen and water vapour barrier capacity, as compared to their individual monolayers. Bilayer films with cassava starch including the gums showed the lowest OP and WVP values and the highest elastic modulus and tensile strength, with extensibility values in the range of the corresponding monolayers and slight changes in their physical properties throughout time. The bilayer formed with cassava starch with gellan gum and a PLA-PHBV appeared as the best option for food packaging purposes taking into account its functional properties and the good layer adhesion of the bilayer.The authors would like to thank the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain, for funding this study through the Project AGL2016-76699-R and PID2019-105207RB-I00, and the predoctoral research grant #BES-2017-082040.Hernandez-Garcia, E.; Vargas, M.; Chiralt Boix, MA. (2021). Thermoprocessed starch-polyester bilayer films as affected by the addition of gellar or xantham gum. Food Hydrocolloids. 113:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106509S19113Arismendi, C., Chillo, S., Conte, A., Del Nobile, M. A., Flores, S., & Gerschenson, L. N. (2013). Optimization of physical properties of xanthan gum/tapioca starch edible matrices containing potassium sorbate and evaluation of its antimicrobial effectiveness. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 53(1), 290-296. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2013.01.022Armentano, I., Fortunati, E., Burgos, N., Dominici, F., Luzi, F., Fiori, S., … Kenny, J. M. (2015). Bio-based PLA_PHB plasticized blend films: Processing and structural characterization. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 64(2), 980-988. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2015.06.032Balaguer, M. P., Gómez-Estaca, J., Gavara, R., & Hernandez-Munoz, P. (2011). Biochemical Properties of Bioplastics Made from Wheat Gliadins Cross-Linked with Cinnamaldehyde. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(24), 13212-13220. doi:10.1021/jf203055sBonilla, J., Fortunati, E., Vargas, M., Chiralt, A., & Kenny, J. M. (2013). Effects of chitosan on the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of PLA films. Journal of Food Engineering, 119(2), 236-243. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.05.026Cano, A., Chafer, M., Chiralt, A., & Gonzalez-Martinez, C. (2017). Strategies to Improve the Functionality of Starch-Based Films. Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, 311-337. doi:10.1002/9781119441632.ch74Cano, A., Jiménez, A., Cháfer, M., Gónzalez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2014). Effect of amylose:amylopectin ratio and rice bran addition on starch films properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 111, 543-555. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.075Chaiwutthinan, P., Pimpan, V., Chuayjuljit, S., & Leejarkpai, T. (2014). Biodegradable Plastics Prepared from Poly(lactic acid), Poly(butylene succinate) and Microcrystalline Cellulose Extracted from Waste-Cotton Fabric with a Chain Extender. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 23(1), 114-125. doi:10.1007/s10924-014-0689-0Gasmi, S., Hassan, M. K., & Luyt, A. S. (2019). Crystallization and dielectric behaviour of PLA and PHBV in PLA/PHBV blends and PLA/PHBV/TiO2 nanocomposites. Express Polymer Letters, 13(2), 199-212. doi:10.3144/expresspolymlett.2019.16McHUGH, T. H., AVENA-BUSTILLOS, R., & KROCHTA, J. M. (1993). 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(2013). Acetylated and native corn starch blend films produced by blown extrusion. Journal of Food Engineering, 116(2), 286-297. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.12.032Martin, O., Schwach, E., Averous, L., & Couturier, Y. (2001). Properties of Biodegradable Multilayer Films Based on Plasticized Wheat Starch. Starch - Stärke, 53(8), 372. doi:10.1002/1521-379x(200108)53:83.0.co;2-fMuller, J., González-Martínez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2017). Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) and starch bilayer films, containing cinnamaldehyde, obtained by compression moulding. European Polymer Journal, 95, 56-70. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.07.019Ortega-Toro, R., Jiménez, A., Talens, P., & Chiralt, A. (2014). Properties of starch–hydroxypropyl methylcellulose based films obtained by compression molding. Carbohydrate Polymers, 109, 155-165. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.059Ortega-Toro, R., Morey, I., Talens, P., & Chiralt, A. (2015). Active bilayer films of thermoplastic starch and polycaprolactone obtained by compression molding. Carbohydrate Polymers, 127, 282-290. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.080Rasal, R. M., Janorkar, A. V., & Hirt, D. E. (2010). Poly(lactic acid) modifications. Progress in Polymer Science, 35(3), 338-356. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.12.003Requena, R., Vargas, M., & Chiralt, A. (2018). Obtaining antimicrobial bilayer starch and polyester-blend films with carvacrol. Food Hydrocolloids, 83, 118-133. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.04.045Sapper, M., Talens, P., & Chiralt, A. (2019). Improving Functional Properties of Cassava Starch-Based Films by Incorporating Xanthan, Gellan, or Pullulan Gums. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2019, 1-8. doi:10.1155/2019/5367164Savadekar, N. R., & Mhaske, S. T. (2012). Synthesis of nano cellulose fibers and effect on thermoplastics starch based films. 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Improving functional properties of cassava starch-based films by incorporating xanthan, gellan or pullulan gums

[EN] The effect of the partial substitution of cassava starch in edible films for 10 and 20 wt% of gellan, xanthan or pullulan gums was analysed in films obtained by casting. The tensile properties, barrier capacity to water vapour and oxygen and water sorption isotherms of the samples were analysed. The blend of starch with gellan gum was effective to reduce the moisture sorption capacity of starch films while reducing water vapour permeability, enhancing the film strength and resistance to break and preserving films against starch retrogradation throughout the storage time. Xanthan gum improved the tensile behaviour of the starch films, but did not reduce their water sorption capacity and water vapour permeability. Pullulan did not notably improved the functional properties of the starch films. Gellan gum at 10 and 20 wt% in the blend could be used to obtain starch films with more adequate properties for food packaging purposes.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain as a part of projects [AGL2016-76699-R]. Mayra Sapper thanks the Conselleria de Educacion, Investigacion, Cultura y Deporte de la Comunitat Valenciana for the Santiago Grisolia grant [GRISOLIA/2015/001].Sapper, M.; Talens Oliag, P.; Chiralt Boix, MA. (2019). Improving functional properties of cassava starch-based films by incorporating xanthan, gellan or pullulan gums. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2019:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5367164S182019Chen, C.-H., & Lai, L.-S. (2008). Mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of tapioca starch/decolorized hsian-tsao leaf gum films in the presence of plasticizer. Food Hydrocolloids, 22(8), 1584-1595. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2007.11.006López, O. V., Castillo, L. A., García, M. A., Villar, M. A., & Barbosa, S. E. (2015). Food packaging bags based on thermoplastic corn starch reinforced with talc nanoparticles. Food Hydrocolloids, 43, 18-24. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.04.021Mali, S., Grossmann, M. V. E., Garcı́a, M. A., Martino, M. N., & Zaritzky, N. E. (2004). Barrier, mechanical and optical properties of plasticized yam starch films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 56(2), 129-135. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.01.004Ortega-Toro, R., Collazo-Bigliardi, S., Talens, P., & Chiralt, A. (2015). Influence of citric acid on the properties and stability of starch-polycaprolactone based films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(2), n/a-n/a. doi:10.1002/app.42220Jiménez, A., Fabra, M. J., Talens, P., & Chiralt, A. (2012). Edible and Biodegradable Starch Films: A Review. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5(6), 2058-2076. doi:10.1007/s11947-012-0835-4Arismendi, C., Chillo, S., Conte, A., Del Nobile, M. A., Flores, S., & Gerschenson, L. N. (2013). Optimization of physical properties of xanthan gum/tapioca starch edible matrices containing potassium sorbate and evaluation of its antimicrobial effectiveness. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 53(1), 290-296. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2013.01.022Flores, S. K., Costa, D., Yamashita, F., Gerschenson, L. N., & Grossmann, M. V. (2010). Mixture design for evaluation of potassium sorbate and xanthan gum effect on properties of tapioca starch films obtained by extrusion. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 30(1), 196-202. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2009.10.001Shih, F. F., Daigle, K. W., & Champagne, E. T. (2011). Effect of rice wax on water vapour permeability and sorption properties of edible pullulan films. Food Chemistry, 127(1), 118-121. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.096Moreno, O., Díaz, R., Atarés, L., & Chiralt, A. (2016). Influence of the processing method and antimicrobial agents on properties of starch-gelatin biodegradable films. Polymer International, 65(8), 905-914. doi:10.1002/pi.5115Jiménez, A., Fabra, M. J., Talens, P., & Chiralt, A. (2012). Influence of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose addition and homogenization conditions on properties and ageing of corn starch based films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 89(2), 676-686. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.075Cano, A., Jiménez, A., Cháfer, M., Gónzalez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2014). Effect of amylose:amylopectin ratio and rice bran addition on starch films properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 111, 543-555. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.075Cano, A., Fortunati, E., Cháfer, M., Kenny, J. M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2015). Properties and ageing behaviour of pea starch films as affected by blend with poly(vinyl alcohol). Food Hydrocolloids, 48, 84-93. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.01.008Jiménez, A., Fabra, M. J., Talens, P., & Chiralt, A. (2012). Effect of re-crystallization on tensile, optical and water vapour barrier properties of corn starch films containing fatty acids. Food Hydrocolloids, 26(1), 302-310. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2011.06.009Gennadios, A., Weller, C. L., & Gooding, C. H. (1994). Measurement errors in water vapor permeability of highly permeable, hydrophilic edible films. Journal of Food Engineering, 21(4), 395-409. doi:10.1016/0260-8774(94)90062-0Vargas, M., Albors, A., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2009). Characterization of chitosan–oleic acid composite films. Food Hydrocolloids, 23(2), 536-547. doi:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.02.009Forssell, P. (2002). Oxygen permeability of amylose and amylopectin films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 47(2), 125-129. doi:10.1016/s0144-8617(01)00175-8McHugh, T. H., & Krochta, J. M. (1994). Sorbitol- vs Glycerol-Plasticized Whey Protein Edible Films: Integrated Oxygen Permeability and Tensile Property Evaluation. 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Polylactic acid based materials encapsulating carvacrol obtained by solvent casting and electrospinning

[EN] Polylactic acid (PLA) dissolved (15 wt.%) in ethyl acetate (EtAc): dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) binary systems (0:1; 1:3, and 2:3 v/v) was used as carrier to obtain carvacrol (CA)-loaded (20 wt.% with respect to PLA) matrices by electrospinning, in comparison with solvent casting. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) observations showed that CA-loaded electrospun fibers were thinner than the CA-free ones, and their encapsulating efficiency (EE) increased when EtAc was present in the solvent. The cast films had higher EE (up to 89%) than the electrospun mats (maximum 68%). Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry revealed that CA-free matrices retain more solvent than the samples with CA; this effect is being more noticeable in fibers rather than in cast films. The thermal analysis revealed stronger retention forces of CA in the fibers than in the cast material and the CA plasticizing effect in the PLA matrices, in accordance with its retained amount. Practical Application The carvacrol-loaded polylactic acid materials obtained in this study are intended to serve as possible active layer in obtaining active (antimicrobial and/or antioxidant) multilayer materials for the packaging of foodstuffs, when applied onto a supporting polymer layer. Active properties of the material, as well as the potential carvacrol sensory impact, in packaged products should be assessed in further studies.The authors thank the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) of Spain, for the financial support for this study as part of the project AGL2016-76699-R. The author A. Tampau also thanks MINECO for the predoctoral research grant #BES-2014-068100.Tampau, A.; González Martínez, MC.; Chiralt Boix, MA. (2020). Polylactic acid based materials encapsulating carvacrol obtained by solvent casting and electrospinning. Journal of Food Science (Online). 85(4):1177-1185. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15094S1177118585

Biodegradability and disintegration of multilayer starch films with electrospun PCL fibres encapsulating carvacrol

[EN] The biodegradation and disintegration of thermoplastic starch multilayers containing carvacrol(CA)-loaded poly-(epsilon-caprolactone) electrospun mats were evaluated under thermophilic composting conditions for 45 and 84 days, respectively, and compared with non-loaded carvacrol films and pure starch films. Sample mass loss, thermogravimetric and visual analyses were performed throughout the disintegration test. The disintegration behaviour of all multilayers was similar, reaching values of 75-80% after 84 days. Biodegradation, assessed by carbon dioxide measurements, revealed that all the carvacrol-free films completely biodegraded after 25 composting days. However, the presence of CA notably affected the compost inoculum activity, thus limiting the biodegradability of the CA-loaded multilayers to a maximum value of around 85% after 45 days. Nevertheless, this value was close to that established by the standard ISO method to qualify as biodegradable material.The authors thank the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO, Spain) for funding this study through the pre-doctoral grant BES-2014-068100 and through the investigation project AGL2016-76699-R.Tampau, A.; González Martínez, MC.; Chiralt Boix, MA. (2020). Biodegradability and disintegration of multilayer starch films with electrospun PCL fibres encapsulating carvacrol. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 173:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109100S18173Thompson, R. C., Moore, C. J., vom Saal, F. S., & Swan, S. H. (2009). Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), 2153-2166. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0053Jahan, S., Strezov, V., Weldekidan, H., Kumar, R., Kan, T., Sarkodie, S. A., … Wilson, S. P. (2019). 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Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Gelatin Films Incorporated with Carvacrol. Journal of Food Safety, 33(4), 423-432. doi:10.1111/jfs.12071López-Mata, M., Ruiz-Cruz, S., Silva-Beltrán, N., Ornelas-Paz, J., Zamudio-Flores, P., & Burruel-Ibarra, S. (2013). Physicochemical, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Chitosan Films Incorporated with Carvacrol. Molecules, 18(11), 13735-13753. doi:10.3390/molecules181113735Higueras, L., López-Carballo, G., Hernández-Muñoz, P., Catalá, R., & Gavara, R. (2014). Antimicrobial packaging of chicken fillets based on the release of carvacrol from chitosan/cyclodextrin films. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 188, 53-59. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.018Balaguer, M. P., Villanova, J., Cesar, G., Gavara, R., & Hernandez-Munoz, P. (2015). Compostable properties of antimicrobial bioplastics based on cinnamaldehyde cross-linked gliadins. Chemical Engineering Journal, 262, 447-455. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2014.09.099Cano, A. I., Cháfer, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2016). Biodegradation behavior of starch-PVA films as affected by the incorporation of different antimicrobials. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 132, 11-20. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.014Talón, E., Vargas, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2019). Eugenol incorporation into thermoprocessed starch films using different encapsulating materials. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 21, 100326. doi:10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100326Castro-Aguirre, E., Auras, R., Selke, S., Rubino, M., & Marsh, T. (2017). Insights on the aerobic biodegradation of polymers by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide in simulated composting conditions. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 137, 251-271. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.017Collazo-Bigliardi, S., Ortega-Toro, R., & Chiralt Boix, A. (2018). Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Starch Films with Cellulose Fibres Obtained from Rice and Coffee Husks. Journal of Renewable Materials, 6(7), 599-610. doi:10.32604/jrm.2018.00127Sreekumar, P. A., Al-Harthi, M. A., & De, S. K. (2012). Studies on compatibility of biodegradable starch/polyvinyl alcohol blends. Polymer Engineering & Science, 52(10), 2167-2172. doi:10.1002/pen.23178Singh, R. ., Pandey, J. ., Rutot, D., Degée, P., & Dubois, P. (2003). Biodegradation of poly(ε-caprolactone)/starch blends and composites in composting and culture environments: the effect of compatibilization on the inherent biodegradability of the host polymer. Carbohydrate Research, 338(17), 1759-1769. doi:10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00236-2Yang, H.-S., Yoon, J.-S., & Kim, M.-N. (2005). Dependence of biodegradability of plastics in compost on the shape of specimens. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 87(1), 131-135. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.07.016Murphy, C. A., Cameron, J. A., Huang, S. J., & Vinopal, R. T. (1996). Fusarium polycaprolactone depolymerase is cutinase. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 62(2), 456-460. doi:10.1128/aem.62.2.456-460.1996Murphy, C. A., Cameron, J. A., Huang, S. J., & Vinopal, R. T. (1998). A second polycaprolactone depolymerase from Fusarium , a lipase distinct from cutinase. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 50(6), 692-696. doi:10.1007/s002530051352Tokiwa, Y., Calabia, B., Ugwu, C., & Aiba, S. (2009). Biodegradability of Plastics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10(9), 3722-3742. doi:10.3390/ijms10093722Banerjee, A., Chatterjee, K., & Madras, G. (2015). Enzymatic degradation of polycaprolactone–gelatin blend. Materials Research Express, 2(4), 045303. doi:10.1088/2053-1591/2/4/045303Shen, J., & Bartha, R. (1997). Priming effect of glucose polymers in soil-based biodegradation tests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29(8), 1195-1198. doi:10.1016/s0038-0717(97)00031-

Incorporation of natural antioxidants from rice straw into renewable starch films.

Abstract This study showed that rice straw waste is a valuable source for the extraction of water-soluble phenolic compounds that can be successfully incorporated into bioactive starch-based films. The major phenolic compounds in the extract were identified as ferulic, p-coumaric and protocatechuic acid using UHPLC-MS. Homogeneous films with antioxidant properties were produced by melt blending and compression molding and the changes in the physico-chemical properties were evaluated. The produced antioxidant starch films were slightly reddish-colored and exhibited good in-vitro antiradical scavenging activity against DPPH*. The addition of the antioxidant extract improved the oxygen barrier properties without negatively affecting the thermal and the water vapor barrier properties. However, antioxidant starch films turned more brittle with increasing amount of the antioxidant extract, which was probably due to interactions of phenolic compounds with the starch chains. The film forming process induced chain scission of starch molecules in all films, shown in a decrease in molecular weight of native starch from 9.1 × 106 Da to values as low as 1.0–3.5 × 106 Da. This study aids a circular economy by recycling rice straw for the production of bioactive food packaging

Novel film‐forming formulations of the biocontrol agent Candida sake CPA‐1: biocontrol efficacy and performance at field conditions in organic wine grapes

BACKGROUND: The biocontrol agent (BCA)Candida sakeCPA-1 has previously effectively reducedBotrytisbunch rot (BBR) andit was also suggested as a promising strategy to control sour rot in grapes under field conditions. However, biocontrol efficacyof solid formulations of CPA-1 has never been tested in field trials. The present study aims to confirm the efficacy against BBRand sour rot in grapes under field conditions of two novel formulations recently developed by the addition of biodegradablecoatings using a fluidized-bed spray-drying system.RESULTS: Novel film-forming formulations of the BCAC. sakeCPA-1 controlledB. cinereaas well as liquid formulation. Sour rotcontrol resulted better in the second season and severity reductions were more satisfactory than incidence control. Visual andcryoSEM observations revealed that film-forming treatments were uniformly distributed on plant surfaces. CPA-1 coating couldbe observed on grapes at harvest time.CONCLUSION: The results of this work suggest that solid formulations would be a competitive alternative to conventionalfungicides because they were easy to package and transport, and cell viability could be maintained for a long period of time.© 2018 Society of Chemical Industryinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Use of tannins to enhance the functional properties of protein based films.

[EN] In this study, three tannins from different sources have been used (from white peel grape (W), red peel grape (R) and from oak bark (O)) to obtain active films based on proteins (caseinate and gelatin) on the basis of their natural origin and potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Films were obtained in two different ways: monolayer films, by homogeneously blending the tannins with the proteins and bilayer films, by coating the previously obtained protein film with the different tannin solutions. The microstructural, physicochemical characterisation as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the films were analysed. The interactions developed between tannins and protein matrices determined the physico-chemical properties of the films. Significant changes were only observed in tannin-caseinate films, due to the establishment of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, especially when using the tannin with the greatest phenolic content (W). Thus, the W tannin caseinate based films turned thicker, with markedly improved (p 3.0.co;2-uSánchez-González, L., González-Martínez, C., Chiralt, A., & Cháfer, M. (2010). Physical and antimicrobial properties of chitosan–tea tree essential oil composite films. Journal of Food Engineering, 98(4), 443-452. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.01.026Sánchez-Moreno, C., Larrauri, J. A., & Saura-Calixto, F. (1998). A procedure to measure the antiradical efficiency of polyphenols. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 76(2), 270-276. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199802)76:23.0.co;2-9Sanyang, M. L., Sapuan, S. M., Jawaid, M., Ishak, M. R., & Sahari, J. (2016). Development and characterization of sugar palm starch and poly(lactic acid) bilayer films. Carbohydrate Polymers, 146, 36-45. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.051Taguri, T., Tanaka, T., & Kouno, I. (2004). Antimicrobial Activity of 10 Different Plant Polyphenols against Bacteria Causing Food-Borne Disease. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(12), 1965-1969. doi:10.1248/bpb.27.1965Tournour, H. H., Segundo, M. A., Magalhães, L. M., Barreiros, L., Queiroz, J., & Cunha, L. M. (2015). Valorization of grape pomace: Extraction of bioactive phenolics with antioxidant properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 74, 397-406. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.055Tsali, A., & Goula, A. M. (2018). Valorization of grape pomace: Encapsulation and storage stability of its phenolic extract. Powder Technology, 340, 194-207. doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2018.09.011Utama, I. M. S., Wills, R. B. H., Ben-yehoshua Shimshon, & Kuek, C. (2002). In Vitro Efficacy of Plant Volatiles for Inhibiting the Growth of Fruit and Vegetable Decay Microorganisms. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(22), 6371-6377. doi:10.1021/jf020484dVon Staszewski, M., Pilosof, A. M. R., & Jagus, R. J. (2011). Antioxidant and antimicrobial performance of different Argentinean green tea varieties as affected by whey proteins. Food Chemistry, 125(1), 186-192. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.05

Antifungal Polyvinyl Alcohol Coatings Incorporating Carvacrol for the Postharvest Preservation of Golden Delicious Apple

[EN] Different polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating formulations incorporating starch (S) and carvacrol (C) as the active agent were applied to Golden Delicious apples to evaluate their effectiveness at controlling weight loss, respiration rate, fruit firmness, and fungal decay against B. cinerea and P. expansum throughout storage time. Moreover, the impact of these coatings on the sensory attributes of the fruit was also analyzed. The application of the coatings did not notably affect the weight loss, firmness changes, or respiration pathway of apples, probably due to the low solid surface density of the coatings. Nevertheless, they exhibited a highly efficient disease control against both black and green mold growths, as a function of the carvacrol content and distribution in the films. The sensory analysis revealed the great persistence of the carvacrol aroma and flavor in the coated samples, which negatively impact the acceptability of the coated products.This research was funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (Spain) through the projects RTA2015-00037-C02-00 and PID2019-105207RB-I00.Sapper, M.; Martín-Esparza, M.; Chiralt Boix, MA.; González Martínez, MC. (2020). Antifungal Polyvinyl Alcohol Coatings Incorporating Carvacrol for the Postharvest Preservation of Golden Delicious Apple. Coatings. 10(11):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111027S1141011Gong, D., Bi, Y., Jiang, H., Xue, S., Wang, Z., Li, Y., … Prusky, D. (2019). A comparison of postharvest physiology, quality and volatile compounds of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Delicious’ apples inoculated with Penicillium expansum. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 150, 95-104. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2018.12.018Ma, L., He, J., Liu, H., & Zhou, H. (2017). The phenylpropanoid pathway affects apple fruit resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Journal of Phytopathology, 166(3), 206-215. doi:10.1111/jph.12677Nikkhah, M., Hashemi, M., Habibi Najafi, M. B., & Farhoosh, R. (2017). Synergistic effects of some essential oils against fungal spoilage on pear fruit. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 257, 285-294. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.06.021Batta, Y. A. (2004). Postharvest biological control of apple gray mold by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai formulated in an invert emulsion. Crop Protection, 23(1), 19-26. doi:10.1016/s0261-2194(03)00163-7Da Rocha Neto, A. C., Navarro, B. B., Canton, L., Maraschin, M., & Di Piero, R. M. (2019). Antifungal activity of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and star anise (Illicium verum) essential oils against Penicillium expansum and their mechanisms of action. LWT, 105, 385-392. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2019.02.060Dhall, R. K. (2013). Advances in Edible Coatings for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53(5), 435-450. doi:10.1080/10408398.2010.541568Lin, D., & Zhao, Y. (2007). Innovations in the Development and Application of Edible Coatings for Fresh and Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 6(3), 60-75. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2007.00018.xSánchez-González, L., Vargas, M., González-Martínez, C., Chiralt, A., & Cháfer, M. (2011). Use of Essential Oils in Bioactive Edible Coatings: A Review. Food Engineering Reviews, 3(1), 1-16. doi:10.1007/s12393-010-9031-3Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223-253. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022Combrinck, S., Regnier, T., & Kamatou, G. P. P. (2011). In vitro activity of eighteen essential oils and some major components against common postharvest fungal pathogens of fruit. Industrial Crops and Products, 33(2), 344-349. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.11.011Prakash, B., Kedia, A., Mishra, P. K., & Dubey, N. K. (2015). Plant essential oils as food preservatives to control moulds, mycotoxin contamination and oxidative deterioration of agri-food commodities – Potentials and challenges. Food Control, 47, 381-391. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.07.023Sivakumar, D., & Bautista-Baños, S. (2014). A review on the use of essential oils for postharvest decay control and maintenance of fruit quality during storage. Crop Protection, 64, 27-37. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2014.05.012Abbaszadeh, S., Sharifzadeh, A., Shokri, H., Khosravi, A. R., & Abbaszadeh, A. (2014). Antifungal efficacy of thymol, carvacrol, eugenol and menthol as alternative agents to control the growth of food-relevant fungi. Journal de Mycologie Médicale, 24(2), e51-e56. doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.01.063Camele, I., Altieri, L., De Martino, L., De Feo, V., Mancini, E., & Rana, G. L. (2012). In Vitro Control of Post-Harvest Fruit Rot Fungi by Some Plant Essential Oil Components. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13(2), 2290-2300. doi:10.3390/ijms13022290De Souza, E. L., Sales, C. V., de Oliveira, C. E. V., Lopes, L. A. A., da Conceição, M. L., Berger, L. R. R., & Stamford, T. C. M. (2015). Efficacy of a coating composed of chitosan from Mucor circinelloides and carvacrol to control Aspergillus flavus and the quality of cherry tomato fruits. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00732Saad, I. K., Hassan, B., Soumya, E., Moulay, S., & Mounyr, B. (2016). Antifungal Activity and Physico-chemical Surface Properties of the Momentaneously Exposed Penicillium expansum Spores to Carvacrol. Research Journal of Microbiology, 11(6), 178-185. doi:10.3923/jm.2016.178.185Neri, F., Mari, M., & Brigati, S. (2006). Control of Penicillium expansum by plant volatile compounds. Plant Pathology, 55(1), 100-105. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01312.xZabka, M., & Pavela, R. (2013). Antifungal efficacy of some natural phenolic compounds against significant pathogenic and toxinogenic filamentous fungi. Chemosphere, 93(6), 1051-1056. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.076Sapper, M., & Chiralt, A. (2018). Starch-Based Coatings for Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables. Coatings, 8(5), 152. doi:10.3390/coatings8050152Cano, A. I., Cháfer, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2015). Physical and microstructural properties of biodegradable films based on pea starch and PVA. Journal of Food Engineering, 167, 59-64. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.06.003Jayakumar, A., K.V., H., T.S., S., Joseph, M., Mathew, S., G., P., … E.K., R. (2019). Starch-PVA composite films with zinc-oxide nanoparticles and phytochemicals as intelligent pH sensing wraps for food packaging application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 136, 395-403. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.018Priya, B., Gupta, V. K., Pathania, D., & Singha, A. S. (2014). Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of biodegradable starch/PVA composite films reinforced with cellulosic fibre. Carbohydrate Polymers, 109, 171-179. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.044Russo, M. A. L., O’Sullivan, C., Rounsefell, B., Halley, P. J., Truss, R., & Clarke, W. P. (2009). The anaerobic degradability of thermoplastic starch: Polyvinyl alcohol blends: Potential biodegradable food packaging materials. Bioresource Technology, 100(5), 1705-1710. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.026He, L., Lan, W., Ahmed, S., Qin, W., & Liu, Y. (2019). Electrospun polyvinyl alcohol film containing pomegranate peel extract and sodium dehydroacetate for use as food packaging. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 22, 100390. doi:10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100390Tampau, A., González-Martinez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2017). Carvacrol encapsulation in starch or PCL based matrices by electrospinning. Journal of Food Engineering, 214, 245-256. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.07.005Marín, A., Atarés, L., Cháfer, M., & Chiralt, A. (2017). Properties of biopolymer dispersions and films used as carriers of the biocontrol agent Candida sake CPA-1. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 79, 60-69. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2017.01.024Castelló, M. L., Fito, P. J., & Chiralt, A. (2010). Changes in respiration rate and physical properties of strawberries due to osmotic dehydration and storage. Journal of Food Engineering, 97(1), 64-71. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.09.016Saei, A., Tustin, D. S., Zamani, Z., Talaie, A., & Hall, A. J. (2011). Cropping effects on the loss of apple fruit firmness during storage: The relationship between texture retention and fruit dry matter concentration. Scientia Horticulturae, 130(1), 256-265. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.07.008Baert, K., Devlieghere, F., Bo, L., Debevere, J., & De Meulenaer, B. (2008). The effect of inoculum size on the growth of Penicillium expansum in apples. Food Microbiology, 25(1), 212-217. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2007.06.002Daniel, C. K., Lennox, C. L., & Vries, F. A. (2015). In vivo application of garlic extracts in combination with clove oil to prevent postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Neofabraea alba on apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 99, 88-92. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2014.08.006Expert Committe on Food Additives Fitthy-Fifth Reporthttp://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42388/1/WHO_TRS:901.pdfSánchez-González, L., Cháfer, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2010). Physical properties of edible chitosan films containing bergamot essential oil and their inhibitory action on Penicillium italicum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82(2), 277-283. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.047Perdones, Á., Escriche, I., Chiralt, A., & Vargas, M. (2016). Effect of chitosan–lemon essential oil coatings on volatile profile of strawberries during storage. Food Chemistry, 197, 979-986. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.054Talón, E., Vargas, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2019). Antioxidant starch-based films with encapsulated eugenol. Application to sunflower oil preservation. LWT, 113, 108290. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108290Andrade, J., González-Martínez, C., & Chiralt, A. (2020). The Incorporation of Carvacrol into Poly (vinyl alcohol) Films Encapsulated in Lecithin Liposomes. Polymers, 12(2), 497. doi:10.3390/polym12020497Wiśniewska, M., Bogatyrov, V., Ostolska, I., Szewczuk-Karpisz, K., Terpiłowski, K., & Nosal-Wiercińska, A. (2015). Impact of poly(vinyl alcohol) adsorption on the surface characteristics of mixed oxide Mn x O y –SiO2. Adsorption, 22(4-6), 417-423. doi:10.1007/s10450-015-9696-2Sapper, M., Palou, L., Pérez-Gago, M. B., & Chiralt, A. (2019). Antifungal Starch–Gellan Edible Coatings with Thyme Essential Oil for the Postharvest Preservation of Apple and Persimmon. Coatings, 9(5), 333. doi:10.3390/coatings9050333Conforti, F. D., & Totty, J. A. (2007). Effect of three lipid/hydrocolloid coatings on shelf life stability of Golden Delicious apples. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 42(9), 1101-1106. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01365.xMiller, K. S., & Krochta, J. M. (1997). Oxygen and aroma barrier properties of edible films: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 8(7), 228-237. doi:10.1016/s0924-2244(97)01051-0Banks, N. H., Dadzie, B. K., & Cleland, D. J. (1993). Reducing gas exchange of fruits with surface coatings. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 3(3), 269-284. doi:10.1016/0925-5214(93)90062-8Kader, A. A., Zagory, D., Kerbel, E. L., & Wang, C. Y. (1989). Modified atmosphere packaging of fruits and vegetables. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 28(1), 1-30. doi:10.1080/10408398909527490Campos-Requena, V. H., Rivas, B. L., Pérez, M. A., Figueroa, C. R., Figueroa, N. E., & Sanfuentes, E. A. (2017). Thermoplastic starch/clay nanocomposites loaded with essential oil constituents as packaging for strawberries − In vivo antimicrobial synergy over Botrytis cinerea. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 129, 29-36. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.03.005Grande-Tovar, C. D., Chaves-Lopez, C., Serio, A., Rossi, C., & Paparella, A. (2018). Chitosan coatings enriched with essential oils: Effects on fungi involved in fruit decay and mechanisms of action. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 78, 61-71. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.019Perdones, A., Sánchez-González, L., Chiralt, A., & Vargas, M. (2012). Effect of chitosan–lemon essential oil coatings on storage-keeping quality of strawberry. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 70, 32-41. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.04.002Qian, D., Du, G., & Chen, J. (2004). Isolation and Culture Characterization of a New Polyvinyl Alcohol-Degrading Strain: Penicillium sp. WSH02-21. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 20(6), 587-591. doi:10.1023/b:wibi.0000043172.83610.08Kawai, F., & Hu, X. (2009). Biochemistry of microbial polyvinyl alcohol degradation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 84(2). doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2113-6Banani, H., Olivieri, L., Santoro, K., Garibaldi, A., Gullino, M., & Spadaro, D. (2018). Thyme and Savory Essential Oil Efficacy and Induction of Resistance against Botrytis cinerea through Priming of Defense Responses in Apple. Foods, 7(2), 11. doi:10.3390/foods7020011Cano Embuena, A. I., Cháfer Nácher, M., Chiralt Boix, A., Molina Pons, M. P., Borrás Llopis, M., Beltran Martínez, M. C., & González Martínez, C. (2016). Quality of goat′s milk cheese as affected by coating with edible chitosan‐essential oil films. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 70(1), 68-76. doi:10.1111/1471-0307.1230

Biodegradable Antimicrobial Films for Food Packaging: Effect of Antimicrobials on Degradation

[EN] The environmental problem generated by the massive consumption of plastics makes necessary the developing of biodegradable antimicrobial materials that can extend food shelf-life without having a negative impact on the environment. The current situation regarding the availability of biodegradable food packaging materials has been analysed, as well as different studies where antimicrobial compounds have been incorporated into the polymer matrix to control the growth of pathogenic or spoilage bacteria. Thus, the antimicrobial activity of active films based on different biodegradable polymers and antimicrobial compounds has been discussed. Likewise, relevant information on biodegradation studies carried out with different biopolymers in different environments (compost, soil, aquatic), and the effect of some antimicrobials on this behavior, are reviewed. In most of the studies, no relevant effect of the incorporated antimicrobials on the degradation of the polymer were observed, but some antimicrobials can delay the process. The changes in biodegradation pattern due to the presence of the antimicrobial are attributed to its influence on the microorganism population responsible for the process. More studies are required to know the specific influence of the antimicrobial compounds on the biodegradation behavior of polymers in different environments. No studies have been carried out or marine media to this end.This research was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain through the Project AGL2016-76699-R, PID2019-105207RB-I00, and the predoctoral research grant #BES-2017-082040.Hernandez-Garcia, E.; Vargas, M.; González Martínez, MC.; Chiralt Boix, MA. (2021). Biodegradable Antimicrobial Films for Food Packaging: Effect of Antimicrobials on Degradation. Foods. 10(6):1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods1006125612310

Application of Ultrasound Pre-Treatment for Enhancing Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Rice Straw

[EN] The extraction of water-soluble bioactive compounds using different green methods is an eco-friendly alternative for valorizing agricultural wastes such as rice straw (RS). In this study, aqueous extracts of RS (particles < 500 mu m) were obtained using ultrasound (US), reflux heating (HT), stirring (ST) and a combination of US and ST (USST) or HT (USHT). The extraction kinetics was well fitted to a pseudo-second order model. As regards phenolic compound yield, the US method (342 mg gallic acid (GAE). 100 g(-1) RS) was more effective than the ST treatment (256 mg GAE center dot 100 g(-1) RS), reaching an asymptotic value after 30 min of process. When combined with HT (USHT), the US pre-treatment led to the highest extraction of phenolic compounds from RS (486 mg GAE center dot 100 g(-1) RS) while the extract exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the USHT extract reduced the initial counts of Listeria innocua by 1.7 logarithmic cycles. Therefore, the thermal aqueous extraction of RS applying the 30 min US pre-treatment, represents a green and efficient approach to obtain bioactive extracts for food applications.Author P.A.V.F. is grateful to Generalitat Valenciana for the GrisoliaP/2019/115 grant.Vieira-De Freitas, PA.; González Martínez, MC.; Chiralt Boix, MA. (2020). Application of Ultrasound Pre-Treatment for Enhancing Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Rice Straw. Foods. 9(11):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111657S115911Sharma, B., Vaish, B., Monika, Singh, U. K., Singh, P., & Singh, R. P. (2019). Recycling of Organic Wastes in Agriculture: An Environmental Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research, 13(2), 409-429. doi:10.1007/s41742-019-00175-yNg, H.-M., Sin, L. T., Tee, T.-T., Bee, S.-T., Hui, D., Low, C.-Y., & Rahmat, A. R. (2015). Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from plant sources for application as reinforcing agent in polymers. 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