Study of compliance and impact of infant and young child feeding counseling in Patna district, Bihar

Background: The infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices have crucial role for physical and mental development of the child. Objective: To study the compliance to IYCF practices and impact of IYCF counseling in and around Patna district. Methods: Cross-sectional study was done in a hospital-based survey to find out compliance, and impact of IYCF practice counseling among infants and children attending a tertiary level hospital, Patna. Children in the age group, 6-24 months in and around Patna, were studied. Results: About 24% of the mothers initiated breastfeeding within an hour after birth. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months was practiced only by 36% of the mothers. Nearly, 43% of the mothers started complementary feeding at 6 months, and 45% of the infants were breastfed for 2 years. In the present study, 26% of mothers were using as age-appropriate complementary feeding and 35% of the mothers were feeding actively their child both during and after illness. Conclusion: Despite 3 years of counseling, compliance to IYCF practice in our area is low, and thus, the impact of IYCF counseling is poor in our area. Low knowledge score of mothers, lesser number of antenatal care visit is found to be an important factor responsible for low compliance

A case for multiple oscillators controlling different circadian rhythms in Drosophila melanogaster

A population of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was raised in periodic light/dark (LD) cycles of 12:12 h for about 35 generations. Eclosion, locomotor activity, and oviposition were found to be rhythmic in these flies, when assayed in constant laboratory conditions where the light intensity, temperature, humidity and other factors which could possibly act as time cue for these flies, were kept constant. These rhythms also entrained to a LD cycle of 12:12 h in the laboratory with each of them adopting a different temporal niche. The free-running periods (t) of the eclosion, locomotor activity and oviposition rhythms were significantly different from each other. The peak of eclosion and the onset of locomotor activity occurred during the light phase of the LD cycle, whereas the peak of oviposition was found to occur during the dark phase of the LD cycle. Based on these results, we conclude that different circadian oscillators control the eclosion, locomotor activity and oviposition rhythms in the fruit fly D. melanogaster

A study on pattern of initial and acquired drug resistance for isoniazid and rifampicin in A.F.B. positive sputum smears of pulmonary tuberculosis patients at a Medical College in North Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: Despite availability of good quality anti-tubercular drugs and its administration through Directly Observed Therapy Short Course (DOTS) strategy of Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP), tuberculosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India. The emergence of drug resistance necessitates the timely detection of susceptibility of anti-TB drugs. This can help in appropriate modification in treatment strategies.Methods: A total of 50 patients of pulmonary TB with AFB positive sputum smears attending the OPD of TB and Chest department of B.R.D. Medical College, Gorakhpur were included. Patients were grouped based on history into new (cat-I) and previously treated patients (cat-II). Cat-II patients were further subdivided into defaulter, treatment failure and relapse groups. The culture and DST of AFB positive sputum smears of these patients was done in VersaTREK™®. At the end of study, patients were grouped according to age, sex, category and drug sensitivity pattern for Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin (RIF) viz mono resistance (resistance to either INH or RIF) or multi drug resistance (M.D.R.) and the resultant data were analysed.Results: Of the total 50 patients included in this study, 18 (36%) patients were sensitive to both the drugs INH and RIF, of which 11 (22%) were of cat-I and 7 (14%) of category-II. Twenty-two (44%) patients were resistant to INH only of which 8 (16%) were of cat-I and 14 (28%) of cat-II. One (2%) case of cat-I showed resistance to RIF only, while M.D.R. type of resistance is seen in 1 (2%) patient of cat-I and 8 (16%) patients of cat-II. Pattern of resistance to both INH and RIF together (i.e. M.D.R. type) showed significant difference between cat-I and cat-II.Conclusions: Most of the patients showing resistance to INH, RIF or both INH and RIF (M.D.R.) belonged to category-II (previously treated) patients

On Late Time Tails in an Extreme Reissner-Nordstr\"om Black Hole: Frequency Domain Analysis

In this brief note, we revisit the study of the leading order late time decay tails of massless scalar perturbations outside an extreme Reissner-Nordstr\"om black hole. Previous authors have analysed this problem in the time domain; we analyse the problem in the frequency domain. We first consider initial perturbations with generic regular behaviour across the horizon on characteristic surfaces. For this set-up, we reproduce some of the previous results of Sela [arXiv:1510.06169] using Fourier methods. Next, we consider related initial data on t=\mbox{const} hypersurfaces, and present decay results at timelike infinity, near future null infinity, and near the future horizon. Along the way, using the $r_* \to -r_*$ inversion symmetry of the extreme Reissner-Nordstr\"om spacetime, we relate the higher multipole Aretakis and Newman-Penrose constants for a massless scalar in this background.Comment: 22 pages; 2 figure

A scoping review on the methods of assessment and role of resilience on function and movement-evoked pain when experiencing a musculoskeletal injury

Background: Resilience refers to an individual’s ability to maintain effective functioning, by resisting, withstanding or recovering from stressors or adversity, including pain associated with physical injury (J Clin Psychol Med Settings 28:518–28, 2021). The aim of this scoping review is to determine the role of resilience in the experience of movement-evoked pain (MEP) and return to functional activity following a musculoskeletal injury. Methods: This review conformed to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews and the scoping review protocol of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Five databases and one grey literature database were searched using predetermined key words and index terms to capture published and unpublished records on the topic. Two authors independently screened the title and abstract of each record, with the full-text of eligible records being reviewed. Papers were eligible for inclusion if they examined the population, concept and context of interest, were written in English and the full text was available. Data were extracted from each eligible record to guide discussion of the available literature on this topic. Results: Of 4771 records, 2695 articles underwent screening based on their title and abstract. After title and abstract screening 132 articles were eligible for full text review, with 24 articles included in the final analysis. This review identified that psychological resilience has primarily been investigated in the context of a range of age-related pathologies. The choice of functional and movement-evoked pain assessments in the included studies were often guided by the pathology of interest, with some being general or injury specific. Conclusion: This scoping review identified inconsistent conclusions regarding the role of resilience in the experience of MEP and the ability to return to function for older adults with a musculoskeletal injury. This scoping review highlights the need for longitudinal research to be conducted that allows a broader age range, including younger adults, to determine if multidimensional resilience may promote recovery form musculoskeletal injury