RESTING PLASMA AgRP LEVELS RESPONSE TO EXERCISE-CONJUGATED DIET AND ONLY DIET IN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE SEDENTARY FEMALES

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) is an orexigenic neuropeptide produced mainly in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, which leads to positive energy balance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the resting plasma AgRP levels’ response to exercise-conjugated diet and only diet in overweight and obese sedentary female college students. Thirty subjects were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Experimental group 1 experienced 12 days of researchers’ proposed diet (D), experimental group 2 experienced 12 days of researchers’ proposed diet (every day) with 12-day running training (the intensity was 60 to 70�0heart rate maximum for 50 minutes) every other day (AED) and the control group remained sedentary with a normal diet in this period. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and after the enforced protocol. Body fat percentage (BF�20of subjects was measured using the 3-point method. Plasma AgRP levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The data were analysed by Leven, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post-hoc test. At the end of the protocols, the resting plasma AgRP in the D group increased significantly (p0.05). Body weight and BMI were significantly reduced for both experimental groups (P<0.001). Body fat percentage in the AED group was decreased (p<0.001) and no change was observed in the D group. The present results indicate that the AED is better than the D protocol because it leads to stability of AgRP, which may prevent lipogenesis and ultimately reduce body fat percentage

Učinak kratkotrajne primjene hormona rasta i treninga snage na histopatološke promjene tkiva štitnjače i mutaciju gena BRAF (T1799A) u smeđeg štakora (Rattus norvegicus)

High levels of growth hormone accelerate mitosis rate but decrease the apoptosis process in its target organs. These events might cause the initiation of different cancer types. Thus, the main aims of this study were assessing the effects of short term growth hormone administration and resistance training on the histopathology and detection of the BRAF-V600E mutation in the thyroid tissue of male Rattus norvegicus brown rats. Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups. After 8 weeks of the experiment (i.m), thyroid tissue and blood samples of saline (CS), resistance training+saline (RS), growth hormone (2 mg/kg) (GI) and resistance training+growth hormone (2 mg/kg) (RG) were taken to evaluate histopathology, the BRAF T1799A mutation of thyroid tissue, and circulating levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. The protocol of training consisted of rats climbing a ladder while carrying weights (3 sets/5 reps). Microscopic evaluation of thyroid tissue did not show any histopathological changes, and there were no mutations in the studied region of the BRAF sequence. Serum IGF-1 concentration was significantly lower in the RS group than in other groups (P<0.05). However, serum IGFBP-3 concentration did not change significantly in the RS group. Moreover, serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations were significantly higher in the GI and RG groups than in the others (P<0.05). In conclusion, the decrement of serum IGF-1 concentration and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio after resistance training might decrease the risk of cancer. Furthermore, short term growth hormone administration, with and without resistance training, might increase the risk of cancer through the high levels of serum IGF-1 concentration and IGF-1/ IGFBP-3 ratio in male rats.Visoke razine hormona rasta povećavaju brzinu mitoze, ali smanjuju proces apoptoze u ciljnim organima, što može uzrokovati nastanak različitih tipova raka. Stoga je glavni cilj ovoga istraživanja bio utvrditi učinak kratkotrajne primjene hormona rasta i treninga snage na histopatološke promjene tkiva štitnjače i nalaz mutacije gena BRAF-V600E u mužjaka smeđeg štakora Rattus norvegicus. Ukupno 32 štakora nasumično su podijeljena u četiri skupine koje su ovisno o primjenjenom tretmanu označene kao CS (fiziološka otopina), RS (trening snage + fiziološka otopina), GI (hormone rasta, 2 mg/kg) i RG (trening snage+hormone rasta, 2 mg/kg). Nakon osam tjedana pokusa (i.m.) uzeti su uzorci tkiva štitnjače i uzorci krvi kako bi se procijenila histopatološka svojstva, mutacija BRAF T1799A tkiva štitnjače te razine cirkulacijskog IGF-1 i IGFBP-3. Trening se sastojao od toga da se štakori penju ljestvama noseći težinu (3 seta vježbi, 5 ponavljanja). Mikroskopska procjena tkiva štitnjače nije pokazala histopatološke promjene i nije bilo mutacija u promatranoj regiji sekvencija gena BRAF. Koncentracija serumskog IGF-1 bila je znakovito manja u skupini RS nego u ostalim skupinama (P < 0,05), no u toj skupini nije bilo znakovite promjene u koncentraciji serumskog IGFBP-3. Štoviše, koncentracije serumskog IGF-1 i IGFBP-3 bile su znakovito veće u skupinama GI i RG nego u ostalim skupinama (P < 0,05). Stoga smo zaključili da bi smanjenje koncentracije serumskog IGF-1 i IGF-1/IGFBP-3 nakon treninga snage moglo smanjiti rizik od raka. Osim toga kratkotrajna primjena hormona rasta, s treningom snage kao i bez njega, mogla bi povećati rizik od raka povećavajući koncentracije serumskog IGF-1 i IGF-1/IGFBP-3 u mužjaka štakora

Učinak intervalnog treninga, aerobnog treninga i treninga otpornosti te konzumiranog dodatka spiruline na razine UCP-1, TRPV1 i HOMA-IR u bijelom masnom tkivu štakora sa šećernom bolesti.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval, aerobic, and resistance training, and spirulina supplement consumption on the levels of Uncoupling Protein-1 (UCP1), Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid (TRPV1) and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) in the white adipose tissue of diabetic rats. A total of 42 male rats with diabetes type II were randomly assigned into seven groups as follows: aerobic training (n=6), resistance training (n=6), interval training (n=6), aerobic training combined with supplementation (n=6), resistance training combined with supplementation (n=6), interval training combined with supplementation (n=6) and control (n=6) groups. The training groups carried out the training (8 weeks/5 days) on a rodent treadmill and ladder. The paired sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were employed for data analysis. The three kinds of training, with and without supplementation, significantly reduced mass, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance. In the three supplementation-combined training groups the difference on the HOMA-IR index was significant; however, the decline was larger in the resistance training with supplementation group. The concentration of UCP-1 and TRPV1 proteins significantly increased in all training groups, with and without supplementation. Nonetheless, the significant increase in the UCP-1 levels in the interval training with supplementation group was more than in the other groups. Furthermore, the TRPV1 protein levels were higher in the resistance training with supplementation group. Eight weeks of training, with and without Spirulina supplementation, reduced insulin resistance and gave rise to significant changes in UCP-1 and TPRV1 concentrations.Svrha istraživanja bila je utvrditi učinak treninga s intervalom visokog intenziteta, anaerobnog treninga, treninga otpornosti i konzumiranja dodatka spiruline na razine nevezanog proteina-1 (UCP1), vaniloidnog potencijalnog prijelaznog receptora (TRPV1) te na procjenu homeostatskog modela za rezistenciju na inzulin (HOMA-IR) u bijelom masnom tkivu štakora sa šećernom bolesti. Ukupno 42 muška štakora sa šećernom bolesti tipa II nasumično su raspoređena u sedam skupina kako slijedi: aerobni trening (n = 6), trening otpornosti (n = 6), intervalni trening (n = 6), aerobni trening kombiniran s dodatkom spiruline (n = 6), trening otpornosti kombiniran s dodatkom spiruline (n = 6), intervalni trening kombiniran s dodatkom spirulina (n = 6) i kontrolna skupina (n = 6). Trening (8 tjedana/5 dana) je proveden na pomičnoj traci i ljestvama za glodavce. Za analizu podataka korišteni su t-test za parne uzorke i jednosmjerna ANOVA. Tri vrste treninga, sa i bez dodataka spiruline, znakovito su smanjile masu, glukozu, inzulin i rezistenciju na inzulin. U tri skupine s kombiniranim treningom i dodatkom spiruline razlika u indeksu HOMA-IR bila je znakovita, međutim pad je bio veći u skupini treninga otpornosti s dodatkom spiruline. Koncentracija proteina UCP-1 i TRPV1 znakovito se povećala u svim skupinama s treningom, sa i bez dodataka spiruline. Pri tome, povećanje razina UCP-1 u skupini koja je imala trening s intervalnom visokog intenziteta i dodatak spiruline bilo je znakovito više nego u drugim skupinama. Nadalje, razine proteina u TRPV1 bile su više u skupini s treningom otpornosti i dodatkom spiruline. Osam tjedana treninga, sa i bez dodatka spiruline, smanjilo je inzulinsku rezistenciju i dovelo do znakovitih promjena u koncentracijama UCP-1 i TPRV1

The Effect of Eight Weeks of Combined Rehabilitation Training on Plasma Levels of Resistin and Adiponectin in Middle-Aged Men after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

سابقه و هدف&nbsp; : بیماری های قلبی عروقی یکی از علل اصلی مرگ­ میر در جهان ­است. هدف ازپژوهش حاضرتاثیرهشت هفته تمرین ترکیبی برسطوح آدیپونکتین ورزیستین درمردان میانسال پس ازانجام عمل بای­پس عروق­ کرونری بود. روش بررسی: روش پژوهش­ حاضرنیمه ­تجربی و باطرح پیش­ آزمون، پس ­آزمون بود. جامعه آماری­ کلیه بیماران بای­پس عروق­ کرونری&nbsp; شهرمشهد بودند. در مطالعه حاضرنمونه پژوهشی شامل 26 مرد میانسال پس ازعمل بای­پس عروق کرونرتشکیل دادندکه براساس معیارهای ورودبه تحقیق، در2گروه درتجربی (14) وکنترل (12) قرارگرفتند. داده­ ها با استفاده از آزمون ت ­زوجی وتی­ همبسته در­سطح معنی­ داری 05/0≥P&nbsp; تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته ها: نتایج آزمون آماری تی همبسته نشان­ داد سطوح آدیپونکتین درگروه تمرین ­ترکیبی به ­دنبال هشت هفته تمرین ترکیبی&nbsp; به طورمعنی داری افزایش یافت(001/0=P)، اما درگروه کنترل کاهش غیرمعنی داری داشت (577/0=P). همچنین نتایج آزمون تی­ مستقل نشان داد سطوح آدیپونکتین گروه تمرین­ ترکیبی به طور معنی داری نسبت به گروه کنترل بالاتر بود(0001/0=P). همچنین دررابطه با شاخص رزیستین، نتایج آزمون تی­ همبسته نشان داد سطوح این شاخص درگروه تمرین ترکیبی پس از هشت هفته اجرای پروتکل تمرین به طور معنی داری کاهش یافت (005/0=P). اما درگروه کنترل افزایش غیرمعنی داری مشاهده شد (720/0=P). همچنین نتایج آزمون تی ­مستقل نشان داد سطوح رزیستین&nbsp; گروه ­تمرین­ ترکیبی به طور معنی داری نسبت به گروه کنترل کاهش داشت(0006/0=P). نتیجه گیري: پژوهش­ حاضر نشان­ داد تمرینات ترکیبی سبب تغییرات مثبت برفاکتورهای قلبی­ عروقی می­ شود و به ­عنوان روشی غیردارویی جهت درمان این بیماری­ ها استقاده شود. How to cite this article: Nikkar H, Rashidlamir A, Khajei R, Barjeste A. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Combined Rehabilitation Training on Plasma Levels of Resistin and Adiponectin in Middle-Aged Men after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat. 2021;9(2):165 -76.Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death in the world. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of combined exercise on adiponectin and resistin levels in middle-aged men after coronary artery bypass grafting. Method and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental and pre-test with post-test. The statistical population was all patients with coronary artery bypass grafting in Mashhad. In the present study, a research sample consisting of 26 middle-aged men after coronary artery bypass graft surgery was divided into experimental (14) and control (12) groups according to the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and correlated t-test at the significance level of P≥0.05. Results: The results of paired t-test showed that adiponectin levels in the combination group increased significantly after eight weeks of combination training (P = 0.001), but decreased significantly in the control group (P = 0.577). Also, the results of independent t-test showed that adiponectin levels in the combined exercise group were significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.0001). Also, in relation to the resistin index, the results of the correlation test showed that the levels of this index in the combined training group decreased significantly after eight weeks of training protocol (P = 0.005). But in the control group, a non-significant increase was observed (P = 0.720). Also, the results of independent test showed that the resistance levels of the combined exercise group were significantly reduced compared to the control group (P = 0.006) Conclusion: The present study showed that combination exercises because positive changes in cardiovascular factors and can be used as a non-pharmacological method to treat these diseases. &nbsp; How to cite this article: Nikkar H, Rashidlamir A, Khajei R, Barjeste A. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Combined Rehabilitation Training on Plasma Levels of Resistin and Adiponectin in Middle-Aged Men after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat. 2021;9(2):165 -76

Effect of Eight Weeks of Resistance Training with Limitation of Blood Flowing on Insulin-1 Factor, Agerin C Cerpinal Perpetrate and Elderly Composition

سابقه و هدف: تغییرات در دوره سالمندی باعث ایجاد برخی مشکلات در افراد سالمند می‌شود که این تغییرات می‌تواند آناتومیکی یا فیزیولوژیکی باشد. هدف‌پژوهش حاضرتاثیر هشت‌هفته تمرینات مقاومتی با و بدون محدودیت‌جریان خون بر فاکتورشبه‌انسولین-1، پپتید قطعه اگرین‌C ترمینال و ترکیب بدن سالمندان بود. روش‌ بررسی:روش پژوهش‌حاضر نیمه‌تجربی وباطرح پیش‌آزمون- پس‌آزمون بود. جامعه آماری دراين تحقيق، مردان شهرمشهد بودند که براساس معیارهای ورودبه تحقیق پس از غربالگری اولیه، تعداد 45 نفر به صورت تصادفی با دامنه سنی 83/2 ±11/64‌(سال) و قد 36/5 ± 44/173(سانتیمتر)، وزن 99/5&nbsp; ± 34/81(کیلوگرم)، شاخص توده‌بدنی 51/1 ± 03/27، توده‌جربی 26/2&nbsp; ± 68/26 (درصد) وتوده عضلانی 07/4 ± 36/53&nbsp; درسه گروه‌تمرین مقاومتی با(15نفر) و بدون(15نفر) محدودیت‌ جریان ‌خون و گروه کنترل (15نفر) تقسیم شدند. داده‌ها بااستفاده ازآزمون تحلیل واریانس یک‌طرفه وآزمون‌تعقیبی‌توکی در‌سطح معنی‌داری 05/0≥P ونرم افزار SPSS نسخه 21 تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد میزان سرمی IGF-1 افزایش معنی داری بین‌گروه‌های تمرین مقاومتی با و بدون محدودیت جریان خون نسبت به گروه کنترل داشت (001/0=P، 02/49=F). همچنین تمرین مقاومتی بامحدودیت جریان‌خون تاثیربیشتری بر افزایش سطوح 1-IGF(41/253=ES ، 61/22=PC) نسبت به‌گروه تمرین مقاومتی بدون محدودیت جریان خون داشت(200=ES ، 31/1=PC). نتایج همچنین نشان داد میزان سرمی پپتیدC بین گروه‌های تمرین مقاومتی باوبودن محدودیت جریان خون با گروه کنترل کاهش معناداری وجودداشت (001/0=P ، 93/39=F) اما بین گروه‌های تجربی تفاوتی معنی‌داری وجود نداشت (493/0=F، 09/0=P). نتایج همچنین نشان داد تمرین با و بدون محدودیت جریان خون سبب کاهش توده چربی ( 001/0=P، 95/16=F) و شاخص توده بدن (001/0=P، 30/44=F) نسبت به گروه کنترل شد اما بین گروه‌های تجربی تفاوتی وجود نداشت (00/1=P، 46/0=F). نتیجه گیري: تمرینات مقاومتی با و بدون محدودیت جریان‌خون سبب افزایش1- IGF و کاهش پپتید CAF، توده چربی و شاخص توده بدن سالمندان می‌شود. How to cite this article: Zoraqi MR, Barjaste Yazdi A, Khajei R, Rashidlamir A. Effect of Eight Weeks of Resistance Training with Limitation of Blood Flowing on Insulin-1 Factor, Agerin C Cerpinal Perpetrate and Elderly Composition. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat. 2021;9(2):153-64.Background and Objectives: Changes in old age cause some problems in the elderly that these changes can be anatomical or physiological. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training without blood flow on insulin-like factor (IGF-1), C-terminal agrin fragment peptide (CAF) and body composition of the elderly. Materials and Methods: The present research method is quasi-experimental and pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population in this study is the men of Mashhad. According to the inclusion criteria, after initial screening by the researcher, 45 people were randomly selected. ), Weight 81.34 ±5.99 (kg), body mass index 27.03 ± 1.51, experimental mass 26.26 ± 2.26 (percent) and muscle mass 53.36 ±4.07 in three groups Resistance training with (15 people) and without (15 people) restriction of blood flow و and control group (15 people) were divided. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test at the significance level of P /0.05 and SPSS software version 21. Results: The results of the present study showed that the serum level of IGF-1 had a significant increase between the groups of resistance training with and without restriction of blood flow compared to the control group (P = 0.001, F = 49.02). Also, resistance training with limited blood flow had a greater effect on increasing IGF-1 levels (ES = 352.14, PC = 22.61) than the resistance training group without blood flow restriction (ES = 200, PC = 1.31). The results also showed that there was a significant decrease in serum C-peptide level between resistance training groups with limited blood flow and control group (P = 0.001, F = 39.93) but there was no significant difference between experimental groups (493 / 0 = F, 09/0 = P). The results also showed that exercise with and without restriction of blood flow reduced fat mass (P = 0.001, F = 16.95) and body mass index (P = 0.001, F = 44.30) compared to the control group. But there was no difference between the experimental groups (P = 1.00, F = 0.46). Conclusion: Resistance training without blood flow restriction increases IGF-1 and decreases CAF peptide, fat mass and body mass index in the elderly. How to cite this article: Zoraqi MR, Barjaste Yazdi A, Khajei R, Rashidlamir A. Effect of Eight Weeks of Resistance Training with Limitation of Blood Flowing on Insulin-1 Factor, Agerin C Cerpinal Perpetrate and Elderly Composition. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat. 2021;9(2):153-64. &nbsp

Effect eight weeks of testosterone enanthate and resistance training on liver enzyme profiles in male rats

Introduction:The utilization of steroid derivatives has become a major concern in the sport community; the aim of the present study was the investigation of eight weeks testosterone enanthate (TE) administrationand resistance training (RT) effects on liver enzyme profile in male rats.Materials and Methods:The thirty five rats (age: 10 weeks, weight: 12 ± 200 g) randomly was divided to five groups (n=7) including: 1) control+placebo, 2) RT + placebo, 3) TE, 4) RT + moderate dose of TE, and 5) RT + high dose of TE. The resistance training was consisted of climbing (5 reps/3 sets) a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail for 8 weeks. At the end, whole blood samples were obtained from the orbital sinus and serum activity of liver enzymes including AST, GGT, ALT and ALP was measured by spectrophotometry.Findings:AST activity RT+HTE group was significantly higher than C, RT and TE groups. This enzyme also had marked higher activity in RT+MTE group compared with C and RT groups(

Sportıve Performance and Sports Genes: A Brıef Revıew

Background: After completing the human genome project, it has allowed us to investigate the structure and functions of the identified genes. The aim of this study is to investigate how sports genes may affect athletic performance.Materials and Methods: In the search for scientific literature related to this review, the US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) used MEDLINE and Sport Discus data and the terms “genetics”, “sport genes”, “obesity”, and “sportive performance” were used. The relevant literature has also taken its source from the research of relevant articles from reference lists derived from data studies. Results: Especially in recent years, scientific developments in molecular genetics have brought significant innovations to our lives and the secrets of human life are being revealed. Consequently, the genetic structures that determine sportive performance have been discovered to optimize exercise training and injury prevention and to personalize nutrition prescription as well.Conclusion: The relationship between sportive performance and sports genes is getting clearer each passing day. Strong pieces of evidence state that genetics is fundamental and influential in detecting sportive performance and adapting to training and it increases the applicability andnecessity of sports genetics tests.Keywords:Sportive Performance; Sports Genes; Sports Genetics; Genetics; Athletic Performance</div

A Narrative Review of Probiotics and their Effects on Sports Nutrition

Background: Probiotics, which are found in certain foods, are a suitable source for boosting our immune system and a proper choice for overall health. Regarding this, they might be also considered a health supplement for athletes thanks to their numerous benefits on the body in the sports world.Materials and Methods: In the search for scientific literature related to this review the US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) used MEDLINE and Sport Discus data and the terms ‘ probiotics ‘ ‘ sports’ and ‘immune system’ were used. The relevant literature has also taken its source from the research of relevant articles from reference lists derived from data studies.Resultsː When all the possible advantages of probiotics on the overall health of athletes are considered, their consumption of them should be encouraged much more in the sports world. In this way, athletes could improve their performances by maintaining and improving their immune systems and be protected against common health problems.Conclusion: Studies show that probiotics provide protection against various diseases and disorders that athletes commonly suffer from, and they also reduce the number of days with symptoms when in case of diseases such as upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection by boosting the immune system.</p