A rare case report of subscapular artery

Axillary artery is one of the most important arteries of the upper limb, which is a continua- tion of the subclavian artery. It begins at the lateral border of the first rib and ends at the inferior border of the teres major where it becomes the brachial artery. Axillary artery has six important branches included: 1) Superior thoracic artery 2) Thoracoacromial artery 3) Lateral thoracic artery 4) Subscapular artery 5) Posterior circumflex humeral artery 6) Anterior circumflex humeral artery. Subscapular artery arises from the third part of axillary artery normally and then divides into cir- cumflex scapular artery that extremely enters the triangular space. The other branch of subscapular artery, the thoracodorsal artery, accompanies thracodorsal nerve to lateral border of scapula and supplies and innervates that region. In this case the subscapular artery was absent in both sides and instead of that the circumflex scapular artery was directly derived from axillary artery and the thoracodorsal artery is separated from circumflex scapular artery as a thin and short branch, too. It seemed that the lateral thoracic artery, which was thicker than its normal condition, supplied the muscles of the lateral part of scapula and the thoracodorsal muscle. Other branches of the axillary artery demonstrated without any abnormally. Since axillary artery has the highest rate of rapture and damage coming after the popliteal artery, knowing the variations is important and essential for surgeons, radiologist and anatomist

THE ANTI-OXIDANT EFFECTS OF GINGER AND CINNAMON ON SPERMATOGENESIS DYS-FUNCTIONING DIABETES RATS.

Background: Diabetes has being linked to reproductive dysfunction and plant medicine has been shown to be effective in its treatment. Anti-oxidants have distinctive effects on spermatogenesis, sperm biology and oxidative stress, and changes in anti-oxidant capacity are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus. Ginger and cinnamon are strong anti-oxidants and have been shown to reduce oxidative stress in the long-term treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in animal models. The present study aims at examining the influence of combined ginger and cinnamon on spermatogenesis in STZ-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Animals (n = 80) were allocated randomly into eight groups, 10 each: Group 1: Control rats given only 5cc Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) daily;Group2: rats received ginger (100mg/kg/rat) daily; Group 3: rats received cinnamon (75mg/kg) daily; Group 4: rats received ginger and cinnamon, (100mg/kg/rat ginger and 75mg/kg cinnamon) daily; Group 5: Diabetic control rats received only normal saline. Group 6: Diabetic rats received 100mg/kg/day ginger; Group 7: Diabetic rats received 75mg /kg/ day cinnamon; Group 8: Diabetic rats received ginger and cinnamon (100mg/kg/day and 75mg/kg /day). Diabetes was induced with 55 mg/kg, single intra-peritoneal injection of STZ in all groups. At the end of the experiment (56th day), blood samples were taken for determination of testosterone, LH,FSH, total anti-oxidant capacity, and levels of malondialdehyde, SOD, Catalase and GPX. All rats were euthanized, testes were dissected out and spermatozoa were collected from the epididymis for analysis. Results: Sperm numbers, percentages of sperm viability and motility, and total serum testosterone increased in ginger and cinnamon and combined ginger and cinnamon treated diabetic rats compared with control groups. Serum testosterone, LH and FSH were higher compared to control group and also serum anti-oxidants (TAC, SOD, GPX and catalase) all were increased at the end of treatment. Combined ginger and cinnamon showed more intense increase in all parameters compare to ginger and cinnamon alone. Most of the results were significant (

The Effect of Carvacrol Plus Treadmill Exercise on Testis Structure and Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of carvacrol and treadmill exercise on oxidative stress and testis structure in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the diabetes was induced using a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). The rats were assigned to five groups, namely a control group, a diabetic control group, a diabetic group receiving daily carvacrol at a dose of 75 mg/kg, diabetic groups performing treadmill exercise, and a diabetic group performing daily treadmill exercise and receiving carvacrol. After covering the treatment period, all rats were anesthetized and their blood sample were taken. Then the serum levels of oxidative stress markers were measured, the testicles and epididymis were removed, and the sperm parameters were assessed. Results: The treatment of diabetic rats with carvacrol and treadmill exercise effectively improved testis tissue damage, sperm parameters, glucose, and insulin plasma levels (P=0.001). In diabetic rats, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased while the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes decreased in the testes tissue (P=0.001). However, when carvacrol administration (75 mg/kg) was combined with treadmill exercise, these parameters were significantly rectified (P<0.05). Conclusion: In sum, administering carvacrol and performing treadmill exercise were effective in improving the sperm parameters and testicular oxidative damage caused by diabetes

Probably Role of Antioxidants Against EMFs-Induced Effects on Central Nervous System Structures: A Mini Review

Electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are one of the main environmental pollutants inducing adverse effects on life quality. Waves emitted from industrial and domestic equipments always expose humans to the risk of some diseases. The central nervous system (CNS) is one of the structures sensitive to these waves, which could be damaged seriously. Complexity of the neural structure demands more researches based on morphological and histological changes. Important factors involved in EMFs effects on neural function concern the type, frequency, intensity of waves and duration of the exposure. Surely, increased dosage of the electromagnetic waves results in severe consequences on the function of brain neurons. However, antioxidants may prevent chronic injuries via different methods. The critical periods of fetal, childhood, or pregnancy are more susceptible to irreparable risks of electric magnetic waves. There are several strategies to reduce effects of such waves, by using antioxidants, for instance. However, different theories have been presented on their efficiency due to the abundance of antioxidants available in nature. In the present review, we conclude that even low-dosages of EMFs would have negative effects on CNS. According to some previous studies, various dosages of antioxidants have different effects on neural function leading to various theories on this subject

Treatment Effects of Ocimum Basilicum on Kidney Cells Apoptosis Produced by Exposure to Electromagnetic Field (EMF) in Rats Treatment Effects of Ocimum Basilicum on Kidney Cells Apoptosis Produced by Exposure to Electromagnetic Field (EMF) in Rats

ABSTRACT Background: Anelectromagnetic field (alsoEMForEM field) is a physical field produced byelectrically charged objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field. Objective:Medicinal use of ocimum basilicum dates back to ancient Iran,China and India. It has been used since ancient time as medicinal and food origin as an antioxidant&apos;s ocimum basilicum has a protective effect on kidney tissue injury and apoptosis to causality of emf harmful effects. Materials and Methods:Wistar male rat (n=40) were allocated into four groups, control (n=10) and test groups (n=30), that subdivided into groups of 3, the extract group were received of ocimum basilicum extract (1.5g/kg body),second extract group were received of ocimum basilicum extract (1.5g/kg body) and emf group that exposed to50 Hz for 40 consequence day. Animals were kept in standard conditions. In end of study the kidney tissue of Rats in whole groups were removed and and prepared for pathology analysis.Results:Apoptotic cells significantly decreased in groups that have received ocimum basilicum extract (P&lt;0.05) in comparison to experimental groups (P&lt;0.05).Conclusion: Results revealed that administration of 1.5g/kg body of ocimum basilicum extract significantly decreased cell injury and apoptosis and preventive effect in kidney tissue damages

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal and Blood Parasites of Rodents in Tabriz, Iran, with Emphasis on Parasitic Zoonoses

Objective: Rodents as reservoirs of many common human diseases (zoonoses) are the cause of health and economic problems in society. Because of the prevalence of parasitic infections of mice in different parts of Iran, this study was performed to investigate the gastrointestinal and blood parasitic zoonoses of rodents in Tabriz, Iran, between 2011 and 2012. Materials and Methods: A total of 57 rodents including 36 Rattus norvegicus, 11 Rattus rattus, 8 Mus musculus, and 2 unknown species of rodents were captured alive from different parts of Tabriz city and studied. The rodents were examined for helminth and blood infection. Results: Helminth and blood infection were only observed in Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus species and other species were not contaminated. There was no blood parasite in rodents. Different gastrointestinal worm species identified in Rattus norvegicus consisted of Trichosomoides crassicauda (51.2%), Hymenolepis diminuta (22.3%), Gongylonema pulchrum (12.1%), Hymenolepis Nana (4.31%) and Trichocephal Spp. (2.18%). Different gastrointestinal worm species identified in Rattus rattus consisted of Gongylonema pulchrum (21.17%), and Trichosomoides crassicauda (28.24%). Conclusion: Due to the presence of zoonotic parasitic agents in the studied rodents that easily enter human dwellings, controlling these animals and improvement of the sewerage system of the study area are of particular importance

The effect of Non- ionizing electromagnetic field with a frequency of 50 Hz in Rat ovary: A transmission electron microscopy study

Background: Recently, there are increasing concerns and interests about the potential effects of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) on both human and animal health. Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the harmful effects of 50 Hz non-ionizing EMF on rat oocytes. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 30 rats were randomly taken from laboratory animals and their ags and weights were determined. These 3 month's old rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. The control group consisted of 10 rats without receiving any treatment and kept under normal conditions. Experimental group 1 (10 rats) received EMF for 8 weeks (3 weeks intrauterine +5 weeks after births) and experimental group 2 (10 rats) received EMF for 13 weeks (3 weeks intrauterine +10 weeks after birth). After removing the ovaries and isolating follicles, granulosa cells were fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. Electron microscopy was used to investigate the traumatic effects of EMF on follicles. Results: In control group nucleus membrane and mitochondria in follicle’s cytoplasm seemed normal in appearance. Theca layer of primary follicles in experimental group was separated clearly, zona layer demonstrated trot with irregular thickness and ovarian stroma seemed isolated with dilated vessels showing infiltration. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that EMF has harmful effects on the ovarian follicle

Effect of Citrullus lanatus Seeds Extracts on Serum Total Testosterone in Rat

Objective: Citrullus lanatus is an antioxidant and it has been shown to reduce oxidative stress. Previous study confirmed antioxidants have essential effect on infertility by their role on reactive oxygen’s spaces. Materials and Methods: Wistar male rat (n = 20) were allocated into two groups, control group (n = 10) and C. lanatus group that received 30 mg/kg, (n = 10), by gavage method, daily for, 4 weeks, respectively; however, the control group just received an equal volume of distilled water daily. Animals were kept in standard condition. In 28 day, for measurement blood glucose and testosterone, 5 cc blood of each rat were collected then prepared for analysis. Results: Serum testosterone significantly was increased in group that has received 30 mg/kg of extract, (P < 0.05) in comparison to control group (P < 0.05). Blood glucose was decreased in extract group but was not significantly when compared to control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Since in our study 30 mg/kg C. lanatus has significantly increased serum testosterone and hence it seem this results can beneficial effects on fertility and need more evaluations in next researches

An Ultrastructural Study of the Antioxidant Effects of Vitamin E and Fennel Extract on Zona Pellucida Cell Changes of Rat Ovaries under Non-Ionizing 50Hz Electromagnetic Fields

Objective: Everyday use of various electronic tools and appliances has caused a large number of people to constantly be under the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Materials and Methods: For the purpose of this study, 40 female rats were randomly selected from the animals’ laboratory. The rats chosen for the study were 3 months old and weighted 20 + 200 g. The animals were then randomly divided into 4 groups; Control (n = 10), Experiment 1 (n = 10), Experiment 2 (n = 10), and Experiment 3 (n = 10). During the experiment, all 4 groups were maintained in the same conditions and received the same feeding procedure. Test groups 1, 2, and 3 were under the influence of a 50 Hz EMF for 8 weeks. Subsequently, the second and third groups were kept away from the effects of EMF for another 8 weeks. At the end of the study, after removing the ovarian using glutaraldehyde, they were prepared for electron microscopy study. Ex2 group rats were not sacrificed, and were maintained for another 8 weeks in normal laboratory environment away from the impacts of EMF. The rats were fed vitamin E (100 mg/kg) and fennel extract (1.5 gr/kg/body weight) was added to their daily food. Samples were taken from this group at the end of the second 8 weeks. Samples from the Ex3 group were taken at the end of the second 8 weeks which were maintained in normal conditions without the use of vitamin E and fennel extract. The 10 rats from the control group were biopsied simultaneously with the Ex1 group sampling. Results: This study showed that in the groups that had been exposed to electromagnetic radiation, zona pellucida cells had lost their microvilli and mitochondrial crystal structure. In the groups that were exposed to vitamin E and fennel extract, these changes were reduced. Conclusion: The use of vitamin E in combination with fennel extract can reduce the damaging effects of non-ionizing radiation with 50 Hz frequency on the zona pellucida cells of rat ovaries