Selection of most appropriate area to establish soil damp for the purpose of sustainable development of water resources using TOPSIS and ELECTRE methods ( A case study: Zarand-Saveh watershed)

Nowadays shortage and decrease in fresh water is approximately under increased all over the world Based on the statistics published by FAO Food and Agriculture organization need for fresh water has almost become double per 21 years while useful water resources have been reduced by half in relation to 30 years ago It seems that useful water resources will become one fourth up to 2025 than useful water resources in 1960 Meanwhile danger of various pollutions for water resources frequently increased the value and importance of them Due to mentioned cases if water resources aren t managed in better way the life of human being will be threatened by the shortage of water Thus it is necessary to acquire the exact and up to date information about the condition of water resources and prediction of their situation in future in order to achieve optimum management for water resource

Effects of fluoride versus amorphous calcium phosphate solutions on enamel microhardness of white spot lesions : an in-vitro study

Development of white spot lesions around orthodontic fixed orthodontic appliances is a common finding, especially in patients with poor oral hygiene. One of the conservative interventions for regression of these lesions is using chemical solutions. The current study aimed to compare the effectiveness of fluoride and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) on microhardness improvement of affected enamel. Forty-five intact human incisor teeth were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups of 15. Fluoride group, ACP group and artificial saliva group (control group). Inducing of white spot lesion was done by PH-cycling model. Samples of the first and second group were submerged into 0.05% fluoride and 0.05% ACP solutions respectively for one minute a day. The rest of the time, all specimens were put in artificial saliva, which was incubated in 37 °c temperature. Microhardness of specimens was assessed by Vickers microhardness test in three stages: 1: Baseline microhardness assessment that was done before induction of white spot lesion, 2: Secondary microhardness assessment that was done after induction, 3: Final microhardness assessment that was done after chemical treatment. The SPSS 11.5 software was used for statistical analysis and p< 0.05 was considered as significant. Microhardness of specimens in the fluoride and ACP groups had significantly improved after the treatment (between secondary assessment and final assessment). In the control group, no significant improvements were observed. In final assessment, there were significant differences between the ACP and control groups, but no significant differences were found neither between the fluoride and ACP, nor the Fluoride and control groups. According to the current study, both 0.05% ACP and 0.05% fluoride solutions enhanced enamel micro-hardness in treatment of white spot lesion

Effect of adhesive types on enamel discolouration around orthodontic brackets

Unsightly colour changes may occur in the enamel around bonded orthodontic brackets

Finite Element Analysis of the Effect of Proximal Contour of Class II Composite Restorations on Stress Distribution

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of proximal contour of class II composite restorations placed with straight or contoured matrix band using composite resins with different modulus of elasticity on stress distribution by finite element method. Methods: In order to evaluate the stress distribution of class II composite restorations using finite element method, upper right first molar and second premolar were modeled. Proximal boxes were designed and restored with universal Z250 and packable P60 composite resins (3M ESPE) using two matrix systems: flat Tofflemire matrix and precurved sectional matrix. Finally models were evaluated under loads of 200 and 400 Newton at 90 degrees angle and the results were graphically illustrated in the form of Von Misses stresses. Results: In general the stress obtained under 400 Newton load was significantly greater than the stress of models under 200 Newton load. Von Misses stress distribution pattern of two different Z250 and P60 composites were very similar in all modes of loading and proximal contour. In all analyzed models there was a significant difference between models restored with Tofflemire matrix with flat contour and models restored with sectional matrix with curved contour. This difference was greater in first molar than second premolar. Conclusion: Use of a contoured matrix band results in less stress in class II composite resin restorations

The Effect of 2 Types of Dual-Task Training on the Balance of Older Adults: Allocated Attention Ability

Objectives: The inability to allocate attention to balance when performing concurrent tasks may cause the&nbsp;older adults to fall. Therefore, thisstudy aimed to investigate the effect of 2 types of dual-task training on the&nbsp;balance of older adults. Methods & Materials: This quasi-experimental study included 36 eligible older adults (aged>65 years) living&nbsp;in Kerman City, Iran. The selected participants were randomly divided into 3 groups based on the Berg balance&nbsp;scale scores, and each group consisted of 12 older adults. Our training groups comprised dual-task group&nbsp;under fixed priority, dual-task group under variable priority balance training, and control group. The experimental groups received 45-minute individualized training session, 3 times a week for 1 month (4 weeks). The&nbsp;training comprised of 3 kinds of activities: standing, transferring, and walking. The training was administered&nbsp;based on 2 principles of difficulty of moving task and individual&rsquo;s safety as well as corresponding with the&nbsp;classification of Gentile&rsquo;s moving task. We used the Berg balance test and sitting and walking times test for 2&nbsp;conditions of single and dual tasks to evaluate balance in older people.&nbsp;For data analysis, we performed analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: It was found that there were significant differences (P&le;0.05) between the control group and dual-task&nbsp;groups with fixed and variable priorities with regard to the balance performance test and the time of walking&nbsp;and sitting under single-task condition. In other words, 2 dual-task groups had better performance than the&nbsp;control group. However, no significant difference was seen between the 2 training groups of dual-task (P>0.05)&nbsp;with fixed and variable priorities in the test of the single-task condition. Moreover, the results of tests of sitting&nbsp;and walking time under dual-task condition showed significant differences between the control group and the&nbsp;dual-task groups with fixed or variable priorities and also between the 2 dual-task training groups with fixed&nbsp;and variable priorities (P&le;0.05). Conclusion: The superiority of training with dual-task over single one and the superiority of dual-task training&nbsp;with variable priority over the fixed one (under dual-task condition) may be due to the &ldquo;limited capacity of&nbsp;attention&rdquo; theory, which explains the reduction in performance when performing imultaneous tasks. This difference&nbsp;and dominance may also be explained by other mechanisms, such as the capability of attention and&nbsp;focus on doing tasks simultaneously, involved in this process. Therefore, by designing balance training based&nbsp;on dual-task methods, especially training based on the ability to turn the focus of cognitive capabilities and&nbsp;their suitable allocation, the attention to these tasks improves and consequently, the risk of falling decreases&nbsp;in the older adults

The effect of photoactivation time and light tip distance on the degree of conversion of light and dual-cured dentin adhesives

Background: The degree of conversion of dental adhesive is an important parameter since poor mechanical properties are related to low percentage of monomer-to-polymer conversion within resin-based materials. Objectives: To evaluate the influence of polymerization time and light guide distance on the degree of conversion (DC) of three contemporary dental adhesives. Materials and Methods: The spectral data of ExciTE DSC, Single Bond ® , and Adper ® Prompt L-Pop were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy after 20 s, 40 s, and 60 s of photoactivation times. Light tip distances were kept at 1, 3, and 6 mm during the exposures. Statistics: Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey′s test (α = 0.05). Results: Within groups, greater DC values were found using a tip distance of 1 mm or a 60-s curing time for Single Bond ® (59%) and Adper ® Prompt L-Pop (65%). No statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) was found using either 1 mm or 3 mm tip distances after 20 s, 40 s, and 60 s of light curing time for Single Bond ® . ExciTE ® DSC showed the greatest DC values with light tip distances of 1 mm (90%) and 3 mm (89%), using 60 s of light curing. Conclusion : The self-etch adhesive Adper ® Prompt L-Pop could be applied in shallow cavity preparations and must be light cured for at least 40 s. The light-cured total-etch adhesive ExciTE ® DSC could be applied in every restorative scenario if the curing time is extended up to 60 s or if the tip distance is extended up to 3 mm

Solvent selection for fabrication of low temperature ZnO electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) with an easy synthesis method, low processing temperature, and high charge carrier mobility has been considered as a proper electron transport layer (ETL) for perovskite solar cells. Herein, we investigate the effect of the most common solvents for the preparation of ZnO and investigate their application as ETL for PSC. ZnO layers were prepared from three different solvents 2-methoxyethanol (2ME), isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and ethanol. A complete investigation of the structural, morphological, optical and device performance was performed. The results show that the type of solvent has a significant effect on electrical, optical and structural properties of ZnO layer, the capping perovskite layer composed of methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) and the total performance of the cell. The ZnO film prepared by 2ME as the solvent showed the best performance mainly because of better surface coverage by MAPbI3, larger grain sizes, fewer pinholes, satisfying the Pb/I theoretical stoichiometry in the perovskite layer and the highest absorbance compared to other solvents. In addition, the simulation modeling shows that the ZnO (2ME)/MAPbI3 interface has the lowest defect density and for having planar ZnO-based PSCs with PCE of over 22%, the interface defects should be kept under 10(13) cm(-3)

An In Vitro Study on the Effect of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Fluoride Solutions on Color Improvement of White Spot Lesions

The ability of remineralizing agents to improve the color of white spot lesions (WSL) is an important aspect that should be investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0.05% amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), 0.5% ACP, and 0.05% fluoride solutions, as well as artificial saliva on the color improvement of white spot lesions (WSLs). In this in vitro study, 50 human premolar teeth were randomly classified into five groups. At baseline, all the samples were assessed by using a colorimeter (E0). Then, white spot lesions were induced on the surface of the teeth by means of a pH-cycling model, and the colorimeter was used again (E1). Afterwards, samples of the 1st and 2nd groups were kept in 0.05% ACP and 0.5% ACP solutions for 1 min/day, respectively. The 3rd group specimens were placed in 0.05% fluoride solution for 1 min/day. The other two groups were kept in artificial saliva and distilled in water separately. All the samples were assessed by the colorimeter for a third time (E2). We found no significant difference between the groups in ∆E1. There was also no significant difference among 0.05% ACP solution, 0.5% ACP solution, 0.05% fluoride solution, and artificial saliva considering ∆E2. However, a significant difference was noted between the above-mentioned solutions and distilled water in ∆E2. With respect to ∆E3, there were considerable differences between ACP solution and artificial saliva. The same results were obtained for the difference between fluoride solution and artificial saliva. However, no significant difference was found among 0.05% ACP, 0.5% ACP, and 0.05% fluoride solutions in terms of ∆E3. In Conclusion, ACP is as effective as fluoride in the color improvement of WSLs and the recommended treatment for this purpose is daily use of 0.05% ACP, 0.5% ACP or 0.05% fluoride solutions