Les circuits courts : Un « monde de commercialisation » interpersonnel ?

Les circuits courts sont souvent analysés en terme de réseaux locaux d'échange servant d'alternative à l'échange marchand standard, en étant caractérisés par l'importance des interactions entre producteurs et consommateurs. Nous allons donc voir dans quelle mesure ces circuits courts peuvent être analysés avec l'outil proposé par Salais et Storper (1993) de "mondes de production". Nous montrerons en particulier qu'ils correspondent au monde interpersonnel. Nous préciserons par la suite les caractéristiques de ce monde, en terme de relations sociales d'échange et en illustrant avec le système japonais du TEIKEI.Vente directe, "Mondes de production", TEIKEI, incertitude, confiance

Instantons and Monopoles in the Nonperturbative QCD

We study the confinement physics in QCD in the maximally abelian (MA) gauge using the SU(2) lattice QCD. To clarify the origin of abelian dominance for the long-range physics, we study the charged-gluon propagator in the lattice QCD, and find that the effective mass $m_{ch} \simeq 0.9 {\rm GeV}$ of the charged gluon is induced by the MA gauge fixing. In the MA gauge, there appears the global network of the monopole world-line covering the whole system, which would be identified as monopole condensation at a large scale. To prove monopole condensation, we apply the dual gauge formalism to the monopole part, and derive the inter-monopole potential from the dual Wilson loop in the MA gauge. In the monopole part, which carries the nonperturbative aspects of QCD, the dual gluon mass is evaluated as $m_B \simeq$0.5GeV, which is the evidence of the dual Higgs mechanism by monopole condensation. As for the monopole structure, the large fluctuation of off-diagonal gluons remains around the monopole in the MA gauge, and large cancellation occurs between the diagonal and off-diagonal action densities to keep the total QCD action finite. The charged-gluon rich region around the QCD-monopole would provide the effective monopole size as the critical scale of the abelian projected QCD. Instantons are expected to appear in the charged-gluon rich region around the monopole world-line in the MA gauge, which leads to the local correlation between monopoles and instantons.Comment: Invited Lecture presented by H. Suganuma at 1997 Yukawa International Seminar (YKIS'97) on `` Non-Perturbative QCD -Structure of the QCD Vacuum-'', 2-12 December 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, 12 pages, Plain Late

Les circuits courts : Un « monde de commercialisation » interpersonnel ?

Les circuits courts sont souvent analysés en terme de réseaux locaux d'échange servant d'alternative à l'échange marchand standard, en étant caractérisés par l'importance des interactions entre producteurs et consommateurs. Nous allons donc voir dans quelle mesure ces circuits courts peuvent être analysés avec l'outil proposé par Salais et Storper (1993) de "mondes de production". Nous montrerons en particulier qu'ils correspondent au monde interpersonnel. Nous préciserons par la suite les caractéristiques de ce monde, en terme de relations sociales d'échange et en illustrant avec le système japonais du TEIKEI

Fermiers sinistrés de Fukushima : comment faire face dans des conditions extrêmes ?

La catastrophe nucléaire a arraché les paysans de leurs terres. Ce désastre a pourtant un aspect positif. Libérés d’une charge ancestrale, ces agriculteurs peuvent reconstruire leur vie, à leur gré, par leur propre initiative. En suivant le parcours de trois paysans sinistrés, nous voyons comment ils projettent leur avenir.Although the March 11th cloud of nuclear disaster displaced the surrounding cultivators from their land, it had one silver lining. Once relieved of burdens inherited from their ancestors, these farm families are now entitled to rebuild their lives as they see fit. Following the paths chosen by three displaced farm families, the author shows how they are designing their futures.原発事故で、農民は生活の糧である土地を奪われた。その災難が、考えようによっては、プラスに転じる可能性を秘めている。農家の跡取りという世襲の重荷をとかれ、自分で好­な道を選んで、生活再建に取り組むことが出来るのだ。二本松の三人の被災農家を例に、彼らがこれからどう生­ようとしているのかを追ってみる

Gluonic Higgs Scalar, Abelianization and Monopoles in QCD -- Similarity and Difference between QCD in the MA Gauge and the NAH Theory

We study the similarity and the difference between QCD in the maximally abelian (MA) gauge and the nonabelian Higgs (NAH) theory by introducing the ``gluonic Higgs scalar field'' $\vec \phi(x)$ corresponding to the ``color-direction'' of the nonabelian gauge connection. The infrared-relevant gluonic mode in QCD can be extracted by the projection along the color-direction $\vec \phi(x)$ like the NAH theory. This projection is manifestly gauge-invariant, and is mathematically equivalent to the ordinary MA projection. Since $\vec \phi(x)$ obeys the adjoint gauge transformation and is diagonalized in the MA gauge, $\vec \phi(x)$ behaves as the Higgs scalar in the NAH theory, and its hedgehog singularity provides the magnetic monopole in the MA gauge like the NAH theory. We observe this direct correspondence between the monopole appearing in the MA gauge and the hedgehog singularity of $\vec \phi(x)$ in lattice QCD, when the gluon field is continuous as in the SU($N_c$) Landau gauge. In spite of several similarities, QCD in the MA gauge largely differs from the NAH theory in the two points: one is infrared monopole condensation, and the other is infrared enhancement of the abelian correlation due to monopole condensation.Comment: Talk given at 16th International Conference on Particles and Nuclei (PANIC 02), Osaka, Japan, 30 Sep - 4 Oct 200

Analysis of the Complete Open Reading Frame of Genotype 2b Hepatitis C Virus in Association with the Response to Peginterferon and Ribavirin Therapy

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients infected with genotype 2b hepatitis C virus (HCV) generally can achieve favorable responses to pegylated-interferon plus ribavirin therapy (PEG-IFN/RBV). However, a proportion of patients show poorer responses and the correlation between viral sequence variation and treatment outcome remains unclear. METHODS: The pretreatment complete open reading frame (ORF) sequences of genotype 2b HCV determined by direct sequencing were investigated for correlation with the final outcome in a total of 60 patients. RESULTS: In this study group, 87.5% (14/16) of non-sustained virological response (non-SVR) patients (n = 16) were relapsers. Compared to sustained virological response (SVR) patients (n = 44), non-SVR patients were older and could not achieve prompt viral clearance after the therapy induction. Comparing each viral protein between the two groups, viral sequences were more diverse in SVR patients and that diversity was found primarily in the E1, p7, and NS5A proteins. In searching for specific viral regions associated with the final outcome, several regions in E2, p7, NS2, NS5A, and NS5B were extracted. Among these regions, part of the interferon sensitivity determining region (ISDR) was included. In these regions, amino acid substitutions were associated with the final outcome in an incremental manner, depending upon the number of substitutions. CONCLUSIONS: Viral sequences are more diverse in SVR patients than non-SVR patients receiving PEG-IFN/RBV therapy for genotype-2b HCV infection. Through systematic comparison of viral sequences, several specific regions, including part of the ISDR, were extracted as having significant correlation with the final outcome

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Introduction

La vente directe de produits fermiers locaux pour l’alimentation est une activité ancienne, voire très ancienne comme certains d’entre nous l’ont rappelé dans un ouvrage précédent. De manière plus générale, les sociétés sont restées, des millénaires durant, des sociétés rurales avec une activité agricole prépondérante. La transformation radicale des campagnes commence au cours du XIXe siècle avec une politique d’intensification-spécialisation agricole (techniques nouvelles, mécaniques et chim..

Avant propos et remerciements

Cet ouvrage a pu naître grâce à la détermination de ceux qui ont accepté, entre 2004 et 2009, de contribuer avec moi à la production de connaissances sur ce phénomène de vente directe de produits fermiers locaux. En France, un groupe de travail breton était associé et a collaboré avec un groupe de travail au Japon, réunissant des chercheurs de plusieurs disciplines et des agents de développement rural, des agriculteurs et des militants. On retrouve seulement un petit nombre de cette quarantai..