Control and Correction of Horse Rider's Body Posture

Centre of gravity represents the point where the net force of gravity of all the body parts is applied. Balance is a specific state of the postural control system, being a vertical orientation of human body maintained through balancing the forces and moments of forces that act on the body. Stability is understood to mean the ability to recover the state of balance and typical body position in the space. 
 The concept of division of the rider's posture into 5 blocks that has been used in the literature seems to be legitimate. However, due to the natural shape of spinal curvature, the division of body into opposing truncated pyramids (a trapezoid in the sagittal plane and a rectangle with longer horizontal sides in the frontal plane) appears to be more accurate. The eight-segment model is dynamic and illustrates all the shallowed or deepened spinal curvatures very well while maintaining alternate sagittal curvatures with regard to the deficits of motion in the joints. It is also correct in anatomical terms since it contains all the sections and joints in the kinematic chain.
 Body posture, considered under conditions of the equestrian pair (a rider and a horse) as a motor task, will be adjusted using the continuous control. This control works within the tracking system and consistently adjusts the activity of different muscles to current needs. These needs result from a specific program encoded in the central nervous system and, more specifically, from the difference between the program and current state of the equestrian pair. This program is developed during equestrian training and it represents a demanded situation

Health and its conditionality as a factor for increasing the level of safety in society

We are constantly aging, and the majority of diseases result from an improper diet and lack of physical movement. Health and a fit body figure is a shared dream among everyone, no matter the continent or country one is living in. For the technological advance, change in the natural and social environment, humanity has to pay a great price. More often things lead to a disordered nervous system, weakened immune system and an impairment in the functionality of the morph functional structure. Diseases of the XXI century are the most common consequences of this state; including diseases of the circulatory system, diabetes (select types), tumors, osteoporosis, obesity, asthma and other diseases of the respiratory system, back pain, neurosis, psychosomatic disorders, brain trauma, allergies and many more diseases. The purpose of the research was to determine pro-healthy behaviors of students studying in fields related to safety, selected two universities from Košice (Slovakia) and from Kraków (Poland) as a factor of increasing the level of security of the society. The research group consisted of 66 students of the Academy of Public and Individual Security in Krakow APEIRON and 70 students from the University of Security Management in Košice. An own structure survey questionnaire was used, containing 9 questions about nutrition and hydration of the body, as well as physical activity and sleep. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, the following conclusions were made: the frequency and duration of physical activity undertaken among the researched students from both universities is at a similar and high level, physical activity is a priority for respondents in maintaining health and safety, both individual and in the population, nutrition, hydration and sleep in the daily life of respondents play a dominant role in health

Zarządzanie i handel zagraniczny w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach w warunkach integracji europejskiej: materiały z konferencji

Z przedmowy: "Integracja europejska to proces łączenia, scalania się odrębnych ekonomicznie, społecznie, kulturowo gospodarek europejskich krajów. Proces integracji prowadzi do istotnych przekształceń w sferze gospodarki, strategiach organizacji i funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstw, handlu międzynarodowym, działalności marketingowej, strukturach organizacyjnych i mechanizmach ekonomicznych przedsiębiorstw i instytucji działających w krajach integrujących się. Proces integracji to w praktyce proces dostosowywania się struktur gospodarczych; tworzenia związków kooperacyjno-produkcyjnych; powstawania trwałych więzi ekonomicznych między przedsiębiorstwami integrujących się krajów a więc proces kształtowania jednolitego obszaru gospodarczego z odrębnych a często także wzajemnie konkurencyjnych krajów, gospodarek, regionów, gałęzi, branż. Proces międzynarodowej integracji gospodarczej to w dużej mierze proces tworzenia komplementamości przedsiębiorstw i instytucji, komplementamości międzygałęziowej i wewnątrz gałęziowej, w produkcji i wymianie jak też kształtowanie niezbędnej infrastruktury technicznej i ekonomicznej umożliwiającej tworzenie sytemu trwałych powiązań gospodarczych między poszczególnymi krajami."(...

Fizjologia treningu siłowego jako forma profilaktyki zdrowotnej i przeciwdziałania zagrożeniom cywilizacyjnym

Celem pracy była próba określenia zakresu oddziaływania na wybrane parametry fizjologiczne, zmodyfikowanego treningu obwodowego o charakterze siłowo-wytrzymałościowym realizowanego według programu autorskiego. W projekcie uczestniczyło 30 wyselekcjonowanych za pomocą doboru celowego ochotników trenujących na co dzień w krakowskich klubach fitness. Grupę osób podzielono na dwie podgrupy. Jedna wykonywała podczas sesji treningowej eksperymentalny program treningu obwodowego, trzy razy w tygodniu, a druga w tym czasie uczestniczyła w dotychczasowych standardowo praktykowanych treningach własnych. Po upływie 6 tygodni grupy zostały poddane badaniu. Mierzono częstotliwość skurczów serca za pomocą pulsometrów oraz poziomu mleczanu w organizmie. Wyniki badań wskazują, że zaproponowany program treningowy przebiega na wysokim poziomie intensywności, na co wskazuje zarejestrowany pomiar częstości skurczów serca oraz stężenie mleczanu we krwi. Zrealizowany projekt badawczy z wykorzystaniem treningu obwodowego wpływa korzystnie na podstawowe parametry fizjologiczne; spadek średniej i maksymalnej częstości skurczów serca, zmniejszenie wydatku energetycznego podczas treningu, spadek stężenia mleczanu po treningu oraz przyspieszenie restytucji powysiłkowej. Zaproponowana forma treningu może być przykładem aktywności fizycznej o znacznych walorach prozdrowotnych

Safety culture in sporting activity

As a result of the growing pace of life and developing civilization in which important factors are the crisis of values, the misunderstood idea of freedom and the willingness to achieve success quickly (by taking a shortcut), a new area of threats can be observed. They are caused by faster pace of life that is related to technical development which, in turn, makes us place higher demands on ourselves both in respect to our physical and psychological fitness. Contemporary world requires people to take care of their bodies. This is related especially to taking care of our bodies through the prism of the myth of beauty. The ideal of beauty promoted by mass media is difficult to achieve for an average human being and impossible to achieve for the majority of people in a satisfactory time period. Therefore, reflection on experiencing corporality as an aesthetic value in reference to safety culture seems to be both interesting and significant. High safety culture is related to high values ascribed to human health and life as well as keeping the boundary between essential risk, which is an integral part of life and development, and ensuring safety and protection against threats. The axiology of physical activity and issues of movement, fitness, health and beauty of human body related to it is one of subject of interest in safety culture. The aim and specification of actions in the field of body axiology is description, interpretation and analysis of facts related to human corporality which have sense and therefore are a value

Most Common Injuries to Professional Contestant Karate

Aim: The aim of the study is an attempt to answer the question whether a long-term karate practice exerts influence on the incidence of injuries and what its type and underlying cause. Methods: The research was carried out in July 2013 in Cracow during a karate training camp. 125 people from Poland participated in the study. The participation in research was voluntary and people were informed about its aim and application. The average age was 37,6 ± 11,3 years. The youngest participant was 15 and the oldest 57. Median age was 39 which means that half of participants was not older than 39 and the other half was at least 39. Questionnaire techniques were used in the study. The research tool used to implement the selected technique was survey questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 23 open- and close-ended questions. Results: As results from own research, the greatest number of competitors (38) have suffered from contusion (47,1% of all injury types). This injury types constitutes almost half of all injuries. Among all injury types karate contestants suffered from last year, the most common were contusions (25,6% of all injuries). Conclusions: Karate training is not related to any serious injuries apart from contusions which at the same time are most common injury in this type of training. Contestants’ and training experience are not directly related to injury incidence. An appropriately organized, rational training and using prevention enables to avoid injuries. Circumstances of injury incidence change with contestants’ age and training experience

WPŁYW POPULARNOŚCI UCZNIA W KLASIE SZKOLNEJ NA BEZPIECZEŃSTWO JEDNOSTKI W GRUPIE RÓWIEŚNICZEJ

Głównym celem niniejszej pracy jest próba poznania nieformalnej struktury klasy sportowej o profilu lekkoatletycznym, w trzeciej klasie Gimnazjum Sportowego nr 47 w Krakowie oraz ukazanie związku między popularnością uczniów, a ich sprawnością fizyczną i bezpieczeństwem jednostki w klasie. Badaniami objęto 23 uczennice z klasy sportowej - III de - o profilu lekkoatletycznym. Uczennice były w wieku 15 lat. Zastosowano następujące techniki badawcze: socjometryczne, test sprawności fizycznej, analizę dokumentów szkolnych, wywiad. W świetle uzyskanych wyników można stwierdzić, że sprawność fizyczna w badanej klasie III de, ma znaczący czynnik w pozyskiwaniu sympatii i akceptacji wśród rówieśników, istnieje wysoka korelacja, między sprawnością fizyczną, a popularnością badanych, co jest pozytywnym zjawiskiem. W celu wsparcia uczennic odrzuconych, należy wdrożyć odpowiednie działania wychowawcze, które zmienią ich wizerunek na lepszy wobec pozostałych uczniów, a tym samym podniosą ich rangę w hierarchii popularności

Comparison of the Physical Fitness Profile of Muay Thai and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes with Reference to Training Experience

Background: In combat sports, successful competition and training require comprehensive motor fitness. The aim of this study was to diagnose the level of physical fitness and to determine the level of differences between athletes of combat sports characterized by stand-up fighting, such as Muay Thai; and ground fighting, such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Methods: The study examined and compared 30 participants divided into two equal groups: Muay Thai athletes (n = 15; age: 24.24 ± 3.24; body height: 174.91 ± 5.19; body weight: 77.56 ± 7.3), and Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) (n = 15; age: 22.82 ± 1.81; body height: 175.72 ± 7.03; body weight: 77.11 ± 8.12). Basic characteristics of the somatic build were measured. Selected manifestations of the motor potential of motor skills were also evaluated using selected tests from the EUROFIT test battery, the International Test of Physical Fitness, and computer tests of coordination skills. Relative strength and maximal anaerobic work (MAW) indices were calculated. The strength of the relationship between the effect of motor fitness and training experience was also assessed. Results: The athletes of both groups (Muay Thai and BJJ) presented similar levels of basic characteristics of the somatic build. Motor fitness in the tested groups showed significant differences between the athletes of these sports in static strength (p = 0.010), relative strength (p = 0.006), arm muscle strength in pull-ups (p = 0.035), and functional strength in bent arm hanging (p = 0.023). Higher levels of these components of motor fitness were found for the athletes in the BJJ athletes. In the Muay Thai group, significant very high strength of association was found between training experience and five strength tests. Furthermore, a significantly high strength of association was found in two tests. In the BJJ group, significant relationships with very high correlation were found between the variables in five strength tests. Conclusions: Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes performed better in strength tests (static strength, relative strength, shoulder girdle strength, functional strength). High correlations between the training load and the level of physical fitness were found in flexibility and strength tests in BJJ athletes and most strength tests in Muay Thai athletes