Characterization of \u3ci\u3eNeofabraea actinidiae\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eN. brasiliensis\u3c/i\u3e as causal agents of apple bull’s-eye rot in southern Brazil

The causal agents of apple bull’s-eye rot in southern Brazil have recently been described as Neofabraea actinidiae and N. brasiliensis. Isolates of both species were evaluated for response of mycelial growth index (MGI) to different temperatures, enzyme production, mycelial growth inhibition and effective concentrations (EC50 and EC100) of the fungicides triflumizole, pyrimethanil and thiophanate methyl, as well as aggressiveness on fruits of ‘Fuji’ hybrid and ‘Pink Lady’. There was significantly lower mycelium growth in N. brasiliensis compared with N. actinidiae at all temperatures tested. Neither species grew at 3 and 32°C. There were minor differences in production of enzymes in the two species, with all N. brasiliensis isolates showing no production of pectolyase at pH 7. The lowest EC50 and EC100 values were observed with thiophanate methyl. In general, ‘Fuji’ fruits were more susceptible to Neofabraea infection and had larger lesions, while N. brasiliensis isolates showed greater aggressiveness on ‘Fuji’ hybrid and ‘Pink lady’ fruits compared with N. actinidiae. Dans le sud du Brésil, les agents causaux du chancre gloésporien de la pomme ont récemment été décrits comme étant Neofabraea actinidiae et N. brasiliensis. Des isolats des deux espèces ont été évalués en fonction de la réaction de l’indice de croissance mycélienne à différentes températures, de la production enzymatique, de l’inhibition de la croissance mycélienne et des concentrations efficaces (CE50 et CE100) des fongicides triflumizole, pyriméthanil et triophanate méthyle, ainsi qu’en fonction de leur agressivité à l’égard de la pomme hybride Fuji et de la Pink Lady. La croissance mycélienne chez N. brasiliensis était considérablement plus faible que chez N. actinidiae, et ce, à toutes les températures testées. Aucune espèce ne s’est développée à 3 ou à 32°C. Chez les deux espèces, il y a eu de petites différences quant à la production enzymatique, tous les isolats de N. brasiliensis n’affichant aucune production de pectolyase à pH 7. Les plus faibles valeurs de CE50 et de CE100 observées ont été celles du triophanate méthyle. Dans l’ensemble, les Fuji étaient plus sujettes à l’infection causée par Neofabraea et affichaient des lésions plus étendues, tandis que les isolats de N. brasiliensis étaient plus agressifs à l’égard de l’hybride Fuji et de la Pink Lady que ceux de N. actinidiae

Characterization of \u3ci\u3eNeofabraea actinidiae\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eN. brasiliensis\u3c/i\u3e as causal agents of apple bull’s-eye rot in southern Brazil

The causal agents of apple bull’s-eye rot in southern Brazil have recently been described as Neofabraea actinidiae and N. brasiliensis. Isolates of both species were evaluated for response of mycelial growth index (MGI) to different temperatures, enzyme production, mycelial growth inhibition and effective concentrations (EC50 and EC100) of the fungicides triflumizole, pyrimethanil and thiophanate methyl, as well as aggressiveness on fruits of ‘Fuji’ hybrid and ‘Pink Lady’. There was significantly lower mycelium growth in N. brasiliensis compared with N. actinidiae at all temperatures tested. Neither species grew at 3 and 32°C. There were minor differences in production of enzymes in the two species, with all N. brasiliensis isolates showing no production of pectolyase at pH 7. The lowest EC50 and EC100 values were observed with thiophanate methyl. In general, ‘Fuji’ fruits were more susceptible to Neofabraea infection and had larger lesions, while N. brasiliensis isolates showed greater aggressiveness on ‘Fuji’ hybrid and ‘Pink lady’ fruits compared with N. actinidiae. Dans le sud du Brésil, les agents causaux du chancre gloésporien de la pomme ont récemment été décrits comme étant Neofabraea actinidiae et N. brasiliensis. Des isolats des deux espèces ont été évalués en fonction de la réaction de l’indice de croissance mycélienne à différentes températures, de la production enzymatique, de l’inhibition de la croissance mycélienne et des concentrations efficaces (CE50 et CE100) des fongicides triflumizole, pyriméthanil et triophanate méthyle, ainsi qu’en fonction de leur agressivité à l’égard de la pomme hybride Fuji et de la Pink Lady. La croissance mycélienne chez N. brasiliensis était considérablement plus faible que chez N. actinidiae, et ce, à toutes les températures testées. Aucune espèce ne s’est développée à 3 ou à 32°C. Chez les deux espèces, il y a eu de petites différences quant à la production enzymatique, tous les isolats de N. brasiliensis n’affichant aucune production de pectolyase à pH 7. Les plus faibles valeurs de CE50 et de CE100 observées ont été celles du triophanate méthyle. Dans l’ensemble, les Fuji étaient plus sujettes à l’infection causée par Neofabraea et affichaient des lésions plus étendues, tandis que les isolats de N. brasiliensis étaient plus agressifs à l’égard de l’hybride Fuji et de la Pink Lady que ceux de N. actinidiae

A PULVERIZAÇÃO PRÉ-COLHEITA COM TIDIAZURON REDUZ O TEOR DE CÁLCIO E AUMENTA A ABERTURA CARPELAR E A INCIDÊNCIA DE PODRIDÃO CARPELAR EM FRUTOS DE MAÇÃ

Thidiazuron (TDZ; N-phenyl-N’-1,2,3- thiadiazol-5-ylureia) is a substituted phenylurea that shows strong cytokinin-like activity in plant tissues. The product is sprayed at full bloom on apple trees to increase fruit set and improve fruit growth. Besides affecting tree physiology and fruit size, TDZ might influence other aspects related to fruit quality. Treated plants normally bear malformed fruits with a more protruded distal end. This work was carried out to investigate the effects of TDZ on fruit carpel aperture, fruit shape, seed number, fruit calcium content, and moldy core (caused by several pathogens) of apples. Apple trees, cultivars Gala and Fuji, were sprayed at full bloom with TDZ at doses of 0, 5, 10, or 20 g (a.i) ha-1. TDZ caused fruit malformation and an increment of carpel aperture, reduced the concentration of calcium in the fruit skin, and increased the incidence of moldy core in ‘Gala’ (from 0 to 4%) and in ‘Fuji’ (from 29 to 42%). The increase of moldy core by TDZ in apples may be related to decreases on fruit calcium content and increases on carpel aperture.O tidiazuron (TDZ; N-phenil-N’-1,2,3-thiadiazol- 5-ilureia) é uma feniluréia substituida que apresenta forte ação citocinínica em tecidos de plantas. O produto é pulverizado em macieiras na plena floração para aumentar a frutificação efetiva e promover crescimento de frutos. Além de afetar a fisiologia das plantas e crescimento de frutos, o TDZ interfere em outros aspectos relacionados com a qualidade dos frutos. As plantas tratadas normalmente apresentam frutos deformados, com a parte distal protrusa. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do TDZ na abertura carpelar, no formato dos frutos, no número de sementes, nos teores de cálcio e na incidência de podridão carpelar (causada por diversos patógenos) em maçãs. Macieiras, cultivares Gala e Fuji, foram pulverizadas na plena floração com TDZ nas doses de 0, 5, 10 e 20 g (i.a.) ha-1. O TDZ ocasionou deformação e aumento na abertura carpelar, reduziu a concentração de cálcio na película e aumentou a incidência de podridão carpelar em ‘Gala’ (de 0 para 4%) e ‘Fuji’ (de 29 para 42%). O aumento na incidência de podridão carpelar em macieiras pulverizadas com TDZ pode estar relacionado à redução nos teores de cálcio e o aumento na abertura carpelar nos frutos

COMPROMISOS DE SOSTENIBILIDAD DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA-UDESC, BRASIL: ESTUDIO DE CASO DEL PROYECTO RED DE INDICADORES DE UNIVERSIDADES SOSTENIBLES – RISU

O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados da aplicação, na Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), de um questionário de Indicadores de Sustentabilidade e enfatizar dados relativos aos compromissos assumidos para os próximos 3 a 5 anos. A UDESC faz parte do projeto Rede de Indicadores de Universidades Sustentáveis (RISU) e a aplicação do questionário se constituiu em uma oportunidade para relançar um debate entre a comunidade universitária sobre a problemática da sustentabilidade. O questionário, com 114 indicadores distribuídos por 11 blocos temáticos, foi preenchido pelas autoridades competentes da UDESC. A análise dos resultados permite identificar quais as ações que já foram e/ou ainda não foram implementadas na universidade e, o que é mais importante, quais são os compromissos assumidos pela instituição. Com base na consideração de tais compromissos, debatem-se quais deverão ser os próximos passos para a construção da sustentabilidade na universidade.This work presents the results of the application, at Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Brazil, of a questionnaire on the subject of Sustainability Indicators, and emphasizes data relating to the commitments assumed for the next 3 to 5 years. The UDESC is part of the Network of Sustainability Indicators in Universities (RISU) Project, and the application of the questionnaire provided an opportunity to relaunch a debate within the university community on the issue of sustainability. A questionnaire with 114 indicators, distributed across 11 thematic sections, was filled out by the competent authorities of the UDESC. Analysis of the results showed the actions have been implemented, and those yet to be implemented at the university. More importantly, it showed the commitments already assumed by the institution. Based on a consideration of these commitments, it discusses what the next steps should be for the construction of sustainability at the university.Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar los resultados de la aplicación en la Universidad del Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) de un cuestionario de Indicadores de Sostenibilidad y hacer hincapié en datos relativos a los compromisos asumidos para los próximos 3 a 5 años. La UDESC forma parte del proyecto Red de Indicadores de Universidades Sostenibles (RISU) y la aplicación del cuestionario constituye una oportunidad para relanzar un debate entre la comunidad universitaria sobre la problemática de la sostenibilidad. El cuestionario, con 114 indicadores distribuidos a lo largo de 11 bloques temáticos, fue respondido por las autoridades competentes de la UDESC. El análisis de los resultados permite identificar cuáles son las acciones que ya fueron y/o todavía no fueron implementadas en la universidad y, lo que es más importante, cuáles son los compromisos asumidos por la institución. Con base en la consideración de tales compromisos, se debate cuáles deberán ser los próximos pasos para la construcción de la sostenibilidad en la universidad

RELAÇÃO ENTRE MÉTODOS DE INOCULAÇÃO NA INFECÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE PIMENTÃO POR Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, CAUSADORA DO CANCRO BACTERIANO

Seed infection of sweet pepper by bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis) were induced by different methods of inoculation: a) spraying of flowers with bacterial suspension; b) prick inoculation of pedicel tip of small fruits with needle through a droplet of bacterial suspension; c) prick inoculation of stem through a droplet of bacterial suspension deposited at the insertions of first pair of permanent leaves and d) by methods “a” and “b”. All the inoculation methods produced infected seed with or without visual symptons, with the infection in pericarp, endosperm and embryo. When flowers were inoculated by spraying of flowers, the pathogenic bacteria seemed to invade seeds through calyx scar and vascular bundle. Infection through this route was suggested to occur in field when the disease become epidemic. The selection of seeds through visual sanity aspect is not trustful parameter because the bacteria can be transmitted by symptomless seeds.Infecções em sementes de pimentão pelo agente causal do cancro bacteriano (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis) foram induzidas por diferentes métodos de inoculação: a) pulverização das flores com uma suspensão bacteriana; b) inoculação por ferimento de agulha, através de uma gota de suspensão bacteriana, depositada sobre o pedúnculo de pequenos frutos; c) inoculação por ferimento de agulha, através de uma gota de suspensão bacteriana, depositada nas axilas do primeiro par de folhas permanentes e d) pelo métodos “a” e “b”. Todos os métodos de inoculação testados produziram sementes infectadas tanto no pericarpo, endocarpo e embrião, independentemente de apresentarem sintomas visuais. Infecções através desta rota podem ocorrer também no campo, quando a doença se torna epidêmica. A seleção de sementes pelo simples aspecto sanitário visual não é um método confiável, pois a bactéria pode ser transmitida por sementes sem sintomas visuais

Diversity in common bean landraces from south Brazil

Phaseolin is the major protein in legume seeds and has provided evidence for protein diversity studies, particularly for subdividing Phaseolus vulgaris in two major gene pools: the Central American (S-type) and the Andean (T-type) groups. In the work reported here, a total of 73 representative landrace genotypes from Santa Catarina State, Brazil, were evaluated according to their phaseolin patterns using sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The seed traits analyzed were: a) the 100-seed weight (P100); b) seed shape degree and seed flattening as determined by J and H coefficients; c) soluble and total protein contents; and d) seed colours. The data indicated that landrace genotypes of common bean collected in Southern Brazil were from both gene pools (Central America and Andes) with both »S« (53.42%) and »T« (42.46%) phaseolin types. The P100 was the main character that grouped these gene pools. The landrace genotypes of the common bean showed a wide range of seed size associated with seed colour. The grouping used by comparison of means, allowed efficiently identify promising genotypes to compose valuable source of genetic diversity that would be highly useful for future studies of representative genotypes from each group. The accession numbers 11, 25, 26, 46, 48 and 74 are of interest for breeding purpose, for they showed higher productivity associated with high protein content

Effect of Y-trellis and Vertical Shoot Positioning Training Systems on Downy Mildew and Botrytis Bunch Rot of Grape in Highlands of Southern Brazil

Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) are important diseases in the highlands of Santa Catarina State, a relatively new wine-growing region in Brazil. Although it is known that training systems can affect microclimate and subsequent disease development, this has not been examined in the highlands of Brazil. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of Y-trellis (YT) and vertical shoot positioning (VSP) training system on downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot disease development in “Cabernet Sauvignon” cultivar. Experiments were carried out in commercial vineyards in São Joaquim, SC Municipality, southern Brazil, during the year 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons. Downy mildew incidence and severity were quan-tified weekly from the first symptoms appearance on leaves, and botrytis bunch rot incidence was evaluated at harvest. Disease progress curves were constructed compared according to: (a) begin-ning of symptoms appearance; (b) time to maximum disease incidence and severity; (c) maximum disease incidence and severity; and (d) area under the incidence and severity disease progress curve. Results showed significant differences in downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot intensity among grape training systems, where VSP training system showed significantly lower area under the inci-dence and severity disease progress curve and intensity of downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot in both 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons. Collectively, the results of this study suggest VSP training system should be recommended for grapevine production to reduce both downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot in the highlands regions of southern Brazil

Relações lineares entre incidência e severidade foliar da mancha marrom da cevada para determinação de limiares de ação

The brown spot is a common and one of the main diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in the Southern Brazilian crops. The use of fungicide when the disease reaches around 20% of incidence (I) and/or 2% of severity (S) is one of the most efficient and indicated strategies to control the disease, according to the Technical Culture Indication (TCI). Linear equations to predict severity based on leaf brown spot incidence were obtained for the BRS Cauê cultivar which was recently recommended by TCI. The brown spot intensity values were obtained from economic damage threshold (EDT) fi eld experiments carried out in Muitos Capões/RS municipality in the South of Brazil during 2009 and 2010 growing seasons. The disease intensity gradient experiments followed a completely randomized design with nine treatments and four replications. The leaf incidence and severity were quantified in ten random tillers per parcel in the growing stages: beginning of tillering (EC22), end of tillering (EC39) and head emergence (EC56) and the data were submitted to regression analysis. The results showed that leaf severity can be estimated based on leaf incidence and 20% of leaf incidence corresponds to a leaf severity 20 to 30 times less than the 2% indicated by TCI. Therefore, the action threshold indication based on 20% of leaf incidence is too high to begin the chemical control.A mancha marrom da cevada é de ocorrência comum e uma das principais doenças da cevada nas lavouras do sul do Brasil. A aplicação de fungicidas é uma medida eficiente de controle da doença, sendo indicado seu início quando a doença atinge 20% de incidência ou 2% de severidade nas folhas. Equações lineares preditivas da severidade em função da incidência da mancha marrom foram obtidas para a cultivar BRS Cauê, recentemente indicada para cultivo na região Sul. Os valores de intensidade da mancha marrom foram observados em experimentos de Limiar de Dano Econômico conduzido em lavoura comercial no município de Muitos Capões, RS, nas safras de 2009 e 2010. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições e utilizados para gerar o gradiente de intensidade da doença. A quantificação da incidência e severidade foliar foi realizada nos estádios de início de perfilhamento (EC 22), final do alongamento (EC 39) e início do espigamento (EC 56) em dez perfilhos coletados ao acaso por parcela. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de regressão. Os resultados mostraram que a severidade pode ser estimada com base na incidência e que 20% de incidência foliar correspondem à severidade 20 a 30 vezes inferior a indicada pela pesquisa (2%). Portanto, o limiar de ação com base na incidência de 20% é muito alto para iniciar o controle químico

Desempenho de fungicidas no controle de doenças foliares em trigo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of fungicides azoxystrobin (75g i.a./ha), azoxystrobin + ciproconazol (60g+24g), azoxystrobin (50g) + propiconazol (62,5g), propiconazol (125g), propiconazol + ciproconazol (75g+24g), pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazol (100g+37,5g), tebuconazol (150g) e trifloxystrobin + tebuconazol (75g+150g) to control wheat leaf diseases in cultivars Ônix and BRS Louro. The fungicides application was made by handle spray, with pressure generated by a flow rate of 200 L ha-1 of CO2, during the growth stages of four open leaves and elongation. Leaf incidence and severity were quantified at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after each application. The chemical control with fungicide provided significant increase on grain yield and weight of a thousand grains in both cultivars. There was no significant difference between fungicides in both cultivars, showing control efficiency over 70% by the severity criterion in the second application. The mixture of triazol and strobilurins had better control of leaf diseases in both cultivars.O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia dos fungicidas azoxistrobina (75g i.a./ha), azoxistrobina + ciproconazole (60g+24g), azoxistrobina (50g) + propiconazole (62,5g), propiconazole (125g), propiconazole + ciproconazole (75g+24g), piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole (100g+37,5g), tebuconazole (150g) e trifloxistrobina + tebuconazole (75g+150g) no controle de doenças foliares do trigo nas cultivares Ônix e BRS Louro. As aplicações dos fungicidas foram feitas com pulverizador manual, com pressão gerada por gás CO2, numa vazão de 200 litros ha-1, nos estádios de desenvolvimento de quatro folhas abertas e de alongamento. Foi quantificada a incidência e a severidade foliar aos 7, 4, 21 e 28 dias após cada aplicação. Nas duas cultivares, o controle químico proporcionou incremento significativo no rendimento de grãos e na massa de mil grãos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os fungicidas em Ônix e BRS Louro, apresentando eficiência de controle superior a 70% pelo critério de severidade na segunda aplicação. A mistura de fungicidas dos grupos químicos triazóis e estrobilurinas apresentou maior controle das doenças foliares nas duas cultivares