Prosocial behaviour in urban and rural environments: field studies based upon a taxonomic organisation of helping episodes

This series of studies dealt with differences in rates of helping behaviour between people in urban and rural environments. A number of methodological problems in previous research are noted, including the fact that previous studies selected both individual subjects and communities for study on a nonrandom basis and gave little or no attention to the problem of the sampling of helping behaviours. A review of relevant theoretical approaches (information overload theory, deindividuation theory, urban stress-pathology theories, social inhibition theory, the setting-mood perspective, the socio-structural perspective, and the in-group/out-group perspective) highlighted the fact that the theories generally have left unspecified the ranges of helping forms for which they are meant to have relevance. Attention to this problem, along with consideration of , the problem of the sampling of behaviours for study, suggested the importance of developing a taxonomy of helping

The Long Reach of Divorce: Divorce and Child Well-Being across Three Generations

We used data from the study of Marital Instability Over the Life Course to examine links between divorce in the grandparent generation and outcomes in the grandchild generation (N = 691). Divorce in the first generation (G1) was associated with lower education, more marital discord, weaker ties with mothers, and weaker ties with fathers in the third generation (G3). These associations were mediated by family characteristics in the middle generation (G2), including lower education, more marital discord, more divorce, and greater tension in early parent- child relationships. In supplementary analyses, we found no evidence that the estimated effects of divorce differed by offspring gender or became weaker over time. Our results suggest that divorce has consequences for subsequent generations, including individuals who were not yet born at the time of the original divorce

Non-Resident Father Involvement and Adolescent Well- Being: Father Effects or Child Effects?

Is active fathering by nonresident fathers a cause or a consequence of adolescent well- being? Past studies of nonresident father involvement have assumed a father effects model in which active parenting by fathers improves adolescent adjustment. A child effects model, in which fathers respond to levels of well-being among their adolescent offspring by becoming more or less involved parents, could also account for the positive association between active fathering and adolescent adjustment. We utilize nationally representative data from the 1995 and 1996 waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to estimate the cross-lagged associations between nonresident father involvement and the externalizing problems, internalizing problems, and academic achievement of 3,394 adolescents. Contrary to assumptions from a socialization perspective and findings from past research on nonresident fathers, our results do not support a father effects model. Our data are more consistent with a child effects model in which levels of adolescent well-being cause, rather than result from, levels of nonresident father involvement

Parent-Adolescent Involvement: The Relative Influence of Parent Gender and Residence

The 1995 wave of the Add Health study is used to investigate the relative influence of parent gender and residence on patterns of parental involvement with adolescents. Adolescent reports (N = 17,330) of shared activities, shared communication, and relationship quality with both biological parents are utilized. A multidimensional scaling analysis reveals that parent gender explains most of the variance in parent-adolescent involvement, with residential status playing a secondary yet fundamental role in accounting for these patterns. Resident mothers who do not live with adolescents’ biological fathers engage in the broadest range of activities with their children. Unpartnered resident fathers display patterns of parenting that are as similar to mothers as they are to other fathers

Učinci rastave braka na odrasle i djecu: najnoviji nalazi

The divorce rate has increased in the United States and most European countries since the 1960s. Public and scientific concern about the consequences of divorce for adults and children has generated a large research literature. Most studies find that divorced adults experience more mental and physical health problems than do married adults. Similarly, most studies find that children with divorced parents experience more mental and physical health problems than do children with continuously married parents. Available research suggests that these associations are partly spurious (due to selection effects) and partly due to the stress associated with marital disruption. People\u27s reactions to divorce are highly variable, with the speed and degree of adjustment depending on a variety of resources and post-divorce circumstances. In the United States, several types of court- and community-based programs appear to facilitate parents\u27 and children\u27s adjustment to divorce.Stopa rastave braka porasla je od 1960. godine i u SAD-u i u većini europskih zemalja. Briga javnosti i znanstvene zajednice o posljedicama rastave i njezinim učincima na odrasle i djecu rezultirala je opsežnom istraživačkom literaturom. U većini studija utvrđeno je da rastavljene odrasle osobe imaju više mentalnih i fizičkih zdravstvenih smetnji nego što to imaju udane / oženjene. Većina studija upućuje i na to da djeca rastavljenih roditelja imaju više mentalnih i fizičkih zdravstvenih problema nego djeca čiji su roditelji stalno u braku. Dostupna istraživanja pokazuju da su ove tvrdnje djelomično lažne (zbog učinaka selekcije), a dijelom i zbog stresa što ga uzrokuje prekid braka. Reakcije ljudi na rastavu vrlo su različite, jer brzina i stupanj prilagodbe ovise o raznim mogućnostima i okolnostima koje nastaju nakon rastave. U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama postoji nekoliko vrsta sudskih programa, kao i onih unutar lokalne zajednice, koji roditeljima i djeci olakšavaju prilagodbu na rastavu

Low-temperature magnetic fluctuations in the Kondo insulator SmB6

We present the results of a systematic investigation of the magnetic properties of the three-dimensional Kondo topological insulator SmB6 using magnetization and muon-spin relaxation/rotation (muSR) measurements. The muSR measurements exhibit magnetic field fluctuations in SmB6 below 15 K due to electronic moments present in the system. However, no evidence for magnetic ordering is found down to 19 mK. The observed magnetism in SmB6 is homogeneous in nature throughout the full volume of the sample. Bulk magnetization measurements on the same sample show consistent behavior. The agreement between muSR, magnetization, and NMR results strongly indicate the appearance of intrinsic bulk magnetic in-gap states associated with fluctuating magnetic fields in SmB6 at low temperature.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

Family Life Course Statuses and Transitions: Relationships with Health Limitations

In this study, the author uses 25 years of data taken from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth to examine the relationship between family life course statuses and transitions and work-related health limitations. The author uses a detailed set of statuses and transitions that include marriage, divorce, cohabitation, and parenthood. The measures of health used tap health limitations in the kind and amount of work that can be performed. Using a fixed-effects estimator for dichotomous outcomes, the author finds that marriage is positively related to the health of men but negatively related to the health of women. The author also finds that parenthood is not related to the health of men but is positively related to the health of women. The results also indicate that statuses are more important for determining health limitations than are transitions

Magnetic Fields, Relativistic Particles, and Shock Waves in Cluster Outskirts

It is only now, with low-frequency radio telescopes, long exposures with high-resolution X-ray satellites and gamma-ray telescopes, that we are beginning to learn about the physics in the periphery of galaxy clusters. In the coming years, Sunyaev-Zeldovich telescopes are going to deliver further great insights into the plasma physics of these special regions in the Universe. The last years have already shown tremendous progress with detections of shocks, estimates of magnetic field strengths and constraints on the particle acceleration efficiency. X-ray observations have revealed shock fronts in cluster outskirts which have allowed inferences about the microphysical structure of shocks fronts in such extreme environments. The best indications for magnetic fields and relativistic particles in cluster outskirts come from observations of so-called radio relics, which are megaparsec-sized regions of radio emission from the edges of galaxy clusters. As these are difficult to detect due to their low surface brightness, only few of these objects are known. But they have provided unprecedented evidence for the acceleration of relativistic particles at shock fronts and the existence of muG strength fields as far out as the virial radius of clusters. In this review we summarise the observational and theoretical state of our knowledge of magnetic fields, relativistic particles and shocks in cluster outskirts.Comment: 34 pages, to be published in Space Science Review